Threatened Peripheral Populations in Context: Geographical Variation in Population Frequency and Size and Sexual Reproduction in a Clonal Woody Shrub

Abstract:  Geographically peripheral populations of widespread species are often the focus of conservation because they are locally rare within political jurisdictions. Yet the ecology and genetics of these populations are rarely evaluated in a broader geographic context. Most expectations concerning the ecology and evolution of peripheral populations derive from the abundant-center model, which predicts that peripheral populations should be less frequent, smaller, less dense, and have a lower reproductive rate than central populations. We tested these predictions and in doing so evaluated the conservation value of peripheral populations for the clonal shrub Vaccinium stamineum L. (Ericaceae, deerberry), which is listed as threatened in Canada. Based on 51 populations sampled from the center to the northern range limits over 2 years, population frequency and size declined toward the range limit, but ramet density increased. Sexual reproductive output varied widely among populations and between years, with many populations producing very few seeds, but did not decline toward range margins. In fact seed mass increased steadily toward range limit, and this was associated with faster germination and seedling growth, which may be adaptive in seasonal northern environments. Our results did not support the prediction that clonal reproduction is more prevalent in peripheral populations or that it contributed antagonistically to the wide variation in seed production. Peripheral populations of V. stamineum are as productive as central populations and may be locally adapted to northern environments. This emphasizes the importance of a broad geographical perspective for evaluating the ecology, evolution, and conservation of peripheral populations.     

电助光催化氧化反应器的类型和设计要点

电助光催化反应器提供了通过外加电场提高光催化技术处理效率的场所,其构型是决定电助光催化反应效率和进行机理研究的关键要素。本文对当前电助光催化研究中采用的反应器的类型进行了综述,并提出电助光催化反应器设计的一些要点。     

环境激素对鱼的影响

环境激素是存在于环境之中,以某种方式干扰正常内分泌功能的天然或合成的化合物。鱼在水生生态系统之中分布广泛,是在食物链中具有重要位置的物种,在毒理学和生态风险评价中具有重要的实验价值。文中对鱼暴露于一些常见环境激素时,受激素调节的生殖和发育过程所受到的影响及相应机理进行了探讨。同时介绍了鱼应用于水环境中激素的筛选与监测评价的方法。      

微波辅助光催化降解水中苯酚

利用改装的家用微波炉、微波无电极灯(EDLs)和TiO₂催化剂研究了水溶液中苯酚的光催化降解效果.结果表明,反应30 min,微波辅助光催化(MAPC)能去除92%的苯酚,溶液总有机碳(TOC)减少84%.MAPC的最佳反应条件为:苯酚初始浓度10 mg/L,微波功率900 W,反应液体积50 mL,EDLs-3,催化剂用量1～4 g/L,循环态流速15 mL/min.MAPC处理含酚废水具有较好的应用潜能.     

Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Managed Relocation for Conservation of Freshwater Species

Abstract: The rapidity of climate change is predicted to exceed the ability of many species to adapt or to disperse to more climatically favorable surroundings. Conservation of these species may require managed relocation (also called assisted migration or assisted colonization) of individuals to locations where the probability of their future persistence may be higher. The history of non‐native species throughout the world suggests managed relocation may not be applicable universally. Given the constrained existence of freshwater organisms within highly dendritic networks containing isolated ponds, lakes, and rivers, managed relocation may represent a useful conservation strategy. Yet, these same distinctive properties of freshwater ecosystems may increase the probability of unintended ecological consequences. We explored whether managed relocation is an ecologically sound conservation strategy for freshwater systems and provided guidelines for identifying candidates and localities for managed relocation. A comparison of ecological and life‐history traits of freshwater animals associated with high probabilities of extirpation and invasion suggests that it is possible to select species for managed relocation to minimize the likelihood of unintended effects to recipient ecosystems. We recommend that translocations occur within the species’ historical range and optimally within the same major river basin and that lacustrine and riverine species be translocated to physically isolated seepage lakes and upstream of natural or artificial barriers, respectively, to lower the risk of secondary spread across the landscape. We provide five core recommendations to enhance the scientific basis of guidelines for managed relocation in freshwater environments: adopt the term managed translocation to reflect the fact that individuals will not always be reintroduced within their historical native range; examine the trade‐off between facilitation of individual movement and the probability of range expansion of non‐native species; determine which species and locations might be immediately considered for managed translocation; adopt a hypothetico‐deductive framework by conducting experimental trials to introduce species of conservation concern into new areas within their historical range; build on previous research associated with species reintroductions through communication and synthesis of case studies.     

Cyclicity and some characteristics of mass reproduction ofCalliptamus italicus L. in Southern Russia

Analysis of the reproductive dynamics ofCalliptamus italicus during the past 100 years confirmed the dependence of locust invasions on the 11-year cycles of solar activity, which was previously known for other gregarious locusts. Over a considerable part of the species range, the onset of mass reproduction is promoted by a hot and droughty spring and summer. The scale of the outbreak is determined by local conditions in the foci of reproduction. The current global warming is characterized by an unstable, drastically varying climate with a trend toward aridity in many regions. If this trend persists for several decades, we may expect an increase in the periods ofC. talicus mass reproduction and in the persistency and extent of damage inflicted by locusts on vast Palearctic areas.     

超声波辅助浸取分离污泥中的重金属

以实验室合成的含重金属离子的污泥为研究对象,通过实验分析对比了不同pH下超声波对污泥中重金属离子去除率的影响。研究表明,在超声波的辅助作用下,一步酸浸法能使Cu-Fe混合污泥中的Cu和Fe完全分离,Cu和Fe的离子浸出率分别是97.47%和1.81%;超声波辅助两步酸浸法分离Cu-Cr污泥中的Cu和Cr,96.52%的Cu溶解在浸出液中,96.64%的Cr保留在浸出渣中,Cu、Cr可完全分离;在Cr-Fe混合污泥中,超声的辅助作用使两步酸浸后Cr的浸出率达97.05%,浸出渣中则含98.48%的Fe,2种金属得到有效的分离。酸浸过程中加入超声波对重金属的分离回收有明显的强化效果。     

林丹短期暴露对斑马鱼生长发育和繁殖的影响

以斑马鱼为受试生物,研究在低浓度(0.005、0.05、0.5峭μg·L-1)林丹暴露条件下,林丹对斑马鱼体长、体质量、肝脏指数、性腺指数、产卵量和受精率的影响.结果显示,经14 d暴露后,处理组斑马鱼体长和体质量与空白对照组或溶剂对照组之间差异不显著;与空白对照组和溶剂对照组相比,0.5μg·L-1处理组雄性和雌性斑马鱼肝脏指数均显著增加(P＜0.05),雄性斑马鱼性腺指数显著降低(P＜0.05),其他处理组无明显变化;林丹对斑马鱼产卵量和受精率表现出明显的抑制作用,与空白对照组相比,0.05和0.5μg·L-1处理组斑马鱼平均产卵量和受精率均极显著降低(P＜0.01).该研究表明林丹具有环境内分泌干扰物特性,在低浓度暴露条件下可对斑马鱼的生长发育和繁殖产生一定抑制影响.     

载磷Mg/Al/Fe-LDO的微波辅助溶剂解吸方法特性

针对载磷Mg/Al/Fe-LDO再生利用与解吸液富集回收磷的问题,通过对比直接溶剂解吸法与微波辅助溶剂解吸法在解吸条件、吸附性能与材料层状结构恢复方面的差异,考察了微波辅助溶剂解吸方法的技术特性,并分析了其解吸机制.结果显示,与直接溶剂解吸法相比,微波辅助溶剂解吸法解吸时间由4 h缩短为10～30 min,解吸效果提高15%以上;在同等解吸效果前提下,组合解吸剂(Na_2CO_3+NaOH)浓度降低2倍;解吸剂用量减少10倍.载磷Mg/Al/Fe-LDO经微波辅助溶剂解吸-焙烧再生后,吸附性能得到较好地恢复,3次吸附-解吸-焙烧后再生率接近90%,比直接溶剂解吸-焙烧再生提高40%.由于微波能够强化溶剂离子热运动、促进离子传质与扩散过程,加快离子交换速率,有利于材料层状结构的有效恢复,因此,微波辅助溶剂解吸法能够在较低解吸剂浓度与用量条件下,实现对载磷Mg/Al/Fe-LDO的高效、快速解吸,有利于污水中磷的富集回收.