Water technology for specific water usage

BACKGROUND: Water is the basis for life and culture. In addition to the availability of water its quality has become a major issue in industrialized areas and in developing countries as well. Water usage has to be seen as part of the hydrological cycle. As a consequence water management has to be sustainable. The aim of the contribution is to give water usage oriented quality criteria and to focus on the technical means to achieve them. MAIN FEATURES: Water is used for many purposes, ranging from drinking and irrigation to a broad variety of technical processes. Most applications need specific hygienic, chemical and/or physical properties. RESULTS: To meet these demands separation and reaction principles are applied. The reuse of water and the application of water treatment with little or no waste and by-product formation is the way to go. Membrane separation and advanced oxidation including catalytic reactions are promising methods that apply natural processes in sustainable technical performance. Thus elimination of specific water constituents (e.g. salts and metals, microorganisms) and waste water cleaning (e.g. pollutants, nutrients and organic water) can be done efficiently. OUTLOOK: Learning from nature and helping nature with appropriate technology is a convincing strategy for sustainable water management.     

报废电子器件处理技术进展

报废电子器件的数量急剧增长，加强其回收利用研究已经得到广泛重视。对报废电子器件的资源情况、回收技术，尤其是以环境保护-资源综合回收为目的的物理分离技术及其应用进行了评述，指出便于回收的电子器件的设计是未来发展的趋势。     

循环流化床烟气脱硫技术及其环境经济可行性探讨

简要介绍了循环流化床烟气脱硫技术的原理和国内外研发的现状,并与目前得到广泛应用和继续发展的其它3种烟气脱硫工艺进行比较,得出循环流化床烟气脱硫净化工艺具有投资相对较低、脱硫效率较高、运行可靠、操作维护方便等优点。再通过实例,从投资、技术、运行成本等方面论述其环境经济的可行性,得出循环流化床烟气脱硫技术符合江阴现阶段经济发展状况,能满足中、小型锅炉脱硫要求,是一种较为可行的大气污染控制技术。     

含铬废水的治理研究

介绍了含铬废水的分离处理研究现状，讨论了各自的应用原理及优缺点。对工程设计和生产工艺提出了一些有益的建议。并对含铬废水处理的发展趋势作了分析和展望。     

基于集成全相关技术的水环境治理装备设计

针对现有水环境治理装备设计开发技术存在的不足，提出了一种融合全相关技术与CAD、CAE、CAM、CAPP技术的集成一体化装备系统设计开发方案，并给出了这种集成全相关技术的初步实现方法，而且进行了射流曝气器的设计应用。这种方法有望实现水环境治理装备系统完整、可靠的设计，并缩短了设计开发周期。     

污水处理中的人工湿地强化技术研究

人工湿地作为一种新型污水生态处理工艺受到越来越广泛的重视，在生活污水、特种工业废水、采矿污水、农业和畜牧业污水以及水产养殖废水等处理中得到了广泛的应用。但是其本身的局限却限制了它在高浓度废水、某些工业废水处理等方面的应用，在寒冷地区的应用也受到限制。本研究分析了一些强化技术（如湿地内部要素强化、工艺强化和工程强化等）在提高人工湿地的净化效能以及扩大其应用范围的可能性。     

典型油制气废水处理工艺改造过程分析

典型油制气废水是一类毒性强、CODCr、NH3 N浓度高、难生物降解的有机废水。如何有效处理重油制气废水 ,一直是油制气行业的环保难题。在分析中 ,研究了常规厌氧 好氧活性污泥法工艺处理油制气废水的缺陷 ,介绍了采用人工选育微生物在缺氧 活性污泥法系统中处理油制气废水的新工艺。实践证明 ,新工艺可以取得较好的处理效果 ,废水排放达到国家二级排放标准。     

膜生物反应器中膜分离单元运行参数优化试验

用生活杂排水对膜生物反应器中膜分离单元的运行参数进行了优化试验研究，膜分离单元采用中空纤维超滤膜，试验表明，在适宜的反冲洗和化学清洗条件下，膜的透水率可及时、有效地恢复，使膜生物反应器能长期稳定地运行。     

Assessment of the sustainability of technology by means of a thermodynamically based life cycle analysis

Life cycle analysis is one of the tools in the assessment of the sustainability of technological options. It takes into account all effects on the ecosystem and the population which may endanger the possibilities of current and future generations. However, the main bottleneck in current LCA methodologies is the balancing of different effects, being all quantified on different scales. In this work, a methodology is proposed, which allows one to quantify different effects of the production, consumption and disposal of goods, and services on a single scale. The basis of the methodology is the second law of thermodynamics. All production, consumption and disposal processes affecting the ecosystem and the population, are quantified in terms of loss of exergy. The exergy content of a material is the maximum amount of energy which can be transformed into work at given environmental conditions. Next to the elaboration of the methodology, the new approach is illustrated by examples of the production of synthetic organic polymers, inorganic building insulation materials and different waste gas treatment options.