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791.
利用边界层理论确定预涂动态膜生物反应器稳定曝气量的试验研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
研究了膜生物反应器中低浓度活性污泥的流变性,确定当污泥浓度低于8 000mg·L-1时的泥水混合液近似于牛顿流体,进而利用牛顿流体力学中边界层理论计算预涂动态膜(PDM)厚度等于平板膜表面层流边界层厚度时的稳定曝气量.为保证预涂动态膜生物反应器(PDMBR)运行的稳定性,在其运行初期选择满足生物所需最佳溶解氧(DO)3~5 mg·L-1的供氧曝气量,随后逐渐增加到稳定曝气量的运行方式.实验结果表明,此运行方式能较好地提高动态膜的稳定性,在稳定运行的31d内出水COD低于12.48 mg·L-1,平均去除率达到97.49%,NH4+-N约为5.27 mg·L-1,平均去除率为76.13%,而操作压力仅上升至27kPa.试验后期考察了PDMBR在高于稳定曝气量下运行的稳定性,发现PDM发生脱落,从而证明利用边界层理论确定的预涂类动态膜的稳定曝气量具有一定的应用价值. 相似文献
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793.
Rastall AC Neziri A Vukovic Z Jung C Mijovic S Hollert H Nikcevic S Erdinger L 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2004,11(4):240-253
GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Lake Shkodra/Skadar is the largest lake in the Balkans region and located on the border between Albania to the south and Montenegro to the north. Because of the wide range of endemic, rare or endangered plant and animal species it supports, Lake Shkodra/Skadar and its extensive associated wetlands are internationally recognised as a site of significance and importance (Ramsar site). In recent years, social and economic changes in both Albania and Montenegro have lead to unprecedented levels of urban and industrial effluent entering the lake. Of particular concern is the increasing input of toxic hydrophobic organic pollutants (HOPs) into the lake and the degree to which these compounds are available for uptake by aquatic biota. Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) have been shown to sample the readily bioavailable fraction (dissolved phase) of waterborne HOPs and in doing so provide relevant data for exposure assessment. The aim of the current study was to use SPMD-based sampling in conjunction with appropriate bioassays and chemical analysis to identify readily bioavailable HOPs in the lake. METHODS: SPMDs were constructed and deployed at three sites in the Albanian sector and three sites in the Montenegrin sector of Lake Skadar/Shkodra for 21 days. Following the dialytic recovery of target analytes and size exclusion chromatographic clean-up, aliquots of SPMD samples were subjected to GC-MS scan analysis for major components, GC-MS SIM analysis for 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PP-PAHs) and assayed for EROD-inducing, estrogenic and mutagenic potential using rainbow trout liver cells (RTL-W1), the yeast estrogen screen (YES) and the Ames Test, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 39 compounds were tentatively identified in SPMD samples from the six sampling sites. Alkylated PAHs were the most abundant and ubiquitous compounds present along with various sterols and sterol derivatives. Numerous other compounds remain unidentified. 15 of the 16 targeted PP-PAHs were present in samples from one or more of the sampling sites indicating these compounds are both readily bioavailable and widely distributed in Lake Shkodra/Skadar. Total PP-PAH concentrations ranged between 3991 ng/SPMD and 10695 ng/SPMD. Bioassays carried out on SPMD samples revealed significant EROD-inducing and estrogenic potential at five of the six sampling sites indicating toxicologically relevant compounds are readily available for uptake by resident aquatic biota. EROD-inducing potential was positively correlated with targeted PP-PAH concentration (r2 = 0.74). However, comparison of bioassay- and analytically-derived toxicity equivalents revealed targeted PP-PAHs were responsible for less than 0.06% of the total EROD-inducing potential. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK: The combination of SPMD-based sampling with appropriate bioassays and chemical analysis provided an effective tool for the identification of environmentally relevant waterborne pollutants in Lake Shkodra/Skadar. Our results show that toxicologically relevant HOPs including EROD-inducing and potentially estrogenic compounds are widely distributed in the lake and readily available for uptake by aquatic biota. Our results also suggest that alkylated PAHs rather than parent compounds may be of greater toxicological relevance in the lake. As anthropogenic influences continue to increase, SPMD-based sampling is expected to play a central role in future research concerned with the identification, monitoring and assessment of the risk posed by HOPs to Lake Shkodra/Skadar's aquatic biota. 相似文献
794.
用硅橡胶平板复合膜处理高浓度含酚废水,测定了体系的总传质系数(Kov),分析了温度、盐离子强度、跨膜压差(△p)、膜厚度对Kov的影响。实验结果表明:Kov随温度的升高而呈线性增加,传质通量与温度的关系符合Arrhenius方程;当△p〈0.1MPa时,Kov与压力无关;当△p〉0.1MPa时,压差升高可提高传质系数,但会导致膜的致密化;离子强度改变了苯酚在相间的分配系数,进而影响传质过程;膜厚度降低能有效提高膜的Kov;在膜活性皮层厚度4μm、pH12.5~13.0、温度323.15K、废水流量1205mL/min、废水中苯酚质量浓度7.78g/L、无压差和离子强度的条件下,运行8h后,Kov为16.1×10^-7m/s。 相似文献
795.
796.
797.
用DWZ接触氧化处理工艺处理屠宰废水 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
实行畜禽定点屠宰后,含有大量有机污染物的畜禽屠宰废水的处理问题急需解决,经浙江省海宁市某畜禽屠宰厂运行证实,采用DWZ接触氧化处理工艺,具有投资少,占地面积小,处理效果好,抗冲击能力强,操作简便,运行费用低等特点,废水经处理后可达到GB8978-1996 Ⅰ级排放标准,得到了社会各界的广泛好评,本文主要介绍了该处理设施的处理工艺,运行特点及优越性,提供一条治理畜禽宰废水的有效途径。 相似文献
798.
799.
臭氧处理对海带膜脂过氧化和脱酯化伤害研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用生态毒理学和生物化学的方法,选用海带的2个品系——海带901和荣城1号为实验材料,研究了不同剂量的臭氧处理对海带膜脂过氧化和脱酯化伤害作用结果表明,随着臭氧处理强度的增加,海带的2个品系的光合速率均下降同时。膜相对透性增大,细胞内H2O2含量上升,微粒体膜中磷脂减少,游离脂肪酸增加海带901中无论是细胞匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)含量,还是微粒体膜的MDA含量在臭氧处理下均无显著变化,而荣城1号微粒体膜的MDA含量在臭氧处理下显著提高,说明海带901在臭氧氧化胁迫下膜的损伤是由膜脂脱酯化单独造成的,与膜脂过氧化无关,而荣城1号膜的损伤是由膜脂过氧化和脱酯化共同引起的。 相似文献
800.