膜法再生水项目费用效益综合评价体系探讨

利用再生水是缓解水资源紧张状况的有效途径之一,膜法水处理技术是生产高品质再生水的重要技术手段。为提高膜法再生水项目投资效益,作为项目科学决策和管理的支持,需要探索建立一套针对性强和科学合理的项目费用效益综合评价体系。采用层次分析法,选择数类适宜的评价指标,初步构建出了针对“膜法再生水项目费用效益综合评价”为目标,以“投资费用评价、国民经济效益”等5项指标为准则层和“建设吨水投资、运行成本”等14个指标为指标层的综合评价指标体系。     

水解-好氧工艺处理稠油污水

在此介绍了国内某油田采用生物膜水解酸化-生物膜接触氧化工艺处理稠油污水,并实现了3000 m3/d稠油(油密度ρ=0.86~0.97 g/L)污水达标外排的工程实例。装置运行一年来的结果表明,该工艺具有抗冲击能力强,污泥产生量少,处理效果稳定等优点,出水水质达到国家二级污水排放标准(GB8978-96),大部分水质指标达到国家一级污水排放标准。     

Reduction of DOM fractions and their trihalomethane formation potential in surface river water by in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration

This research was aimed at investigating the reduction of DOM fractions and their trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） by in-line coagulation with 0.1 μm ceramic membrane filtration. The combination of ceramic membrane filtration with a coagulation process is an alternative technology which can be applied to enhance conventional coagulation processes in the field of water treatment and drinking water production. The Ping River water （high turbidity water） was selected as the raw surface water because it is currently the main raw water source for water supply production in the urban and rural areas of Chiang Mai Province. From the investigation, the results showed that the highest percent reductions of DOC, UV-254, and THMFP （47.6%, 71.0%, and 67.4%, respectively） were achieved from in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration at polyaluminum chloride dosage 40 mg/L. Resin adsorption techniques were employed to characterize the DOM in raw surface water and filtered water. The results showed that the use of a ceramic membrane with in-line coagulation was able to most efficiently reduce the hydrophobic fraction （HPOA） （68.5%）, which was then followed by the hydrophilic fraction （HPIA） （49.3%）. The greater mass DOC reduction of these two fractions provided the highest THMFP reductions （55.1% and 37.2%, respectively）. Furthermore, the in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration was able to reduce the hydrophobic （HPOB） fraction which is characterized by high reactivity toward THM formation. The percent reduction of mass DOC and THMFP of HPOB by in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration was 45.9% and 48.0%, respectively.     

Cu( Ⅱ )印迹壳聚糖交联膜的表征及其吸附热力学特性

为处理低浓度重金属废水,采用分子印迹、化学预交联及交联方法,制备了一种新型的Cu(Ⅱ)印迹壳聚糖交联膜(IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS),对该膜的孔隙率、溶胀率、氨基含量、表面形态、官能团以及结晶性等性能进行了表征.考察了该膜对低浓度(20～70 mg.L-1)Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附热力学特性.结果表明,IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS孔隙率、溶胀率和氨基含量分别为76.9%、109%、4.26 mmol.g-1;与壳聚糖膜(CTS)相比,IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS溶胀率降低了44.0%、孔隙率升高了528%、氨基含量降低了16.5%;与壳聚糖交联膜(E-CTS)相比,其氨基含量升高了24.6%;与CTS和E-CTS相比,IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS的表面形态发生了显著的变化,内部结构变得疏松;与CTS相比,IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS分子链具有不规整性,结晶能力降低.在含等浓度Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)混合溶液中,IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS对Cu(Ⅱ)表现出具有良好的选择性.IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS对Cu(Ⅱ)浓度为20～70 mg.L-1的吸附符合Freundlich等温曲线(R2>0.99),该吸附是自发、放热、熵减小的过程.     

MBR处理医院污水后续氯消毒及其消毒副产物研究

针对医院污水中致病微生物的特殊排放要求,研究了膜生物反应器（MBR）应用于医院污水处理中的预消毒及其后续氯消毒特性.结果表明,在工程应用中MBR具有显著的预消毒作用,对医院污水中的细菌总数和粪大肠杆菌的去除率分别达到2.0～3.1 lg和2.8～4.0 lg;对于MBR出水中残留的微生物,采用次氯酸钠进行后续消毒,当接触时间为1 h,在有效氯浓度为0.8 　mg/L时,可检测不出粪大肠杆菌,且放置6 h未见再生长,相应的THMs和HAAs分别为16.94 μg/L和32.10 μg/L;固定接触时间,随着Cl₂/DOC值的增加,MBR出水中THMs和HAAs均近似呈线性增长趋势（r²分别为0.941?5和 0.965?2）,且HAAs的增长速率高于THMs.     

一体式膜生物反应器运行参数间运动力学分析

运用气、液、固三相流运动力学原理对一体式膜生物反应器运行过程分析,得出:①反应器内错流流速与曝气量、反应器设计高度、主副腔的过流面积的关系.曝气量越大、反应器主腔高度越高、主腔的过流面积越小、副腔过流面积越大,反应器内错流流速越大;②膜抽吸压力与反应器内膜污染错流临界流速及主腔宽度的关系.减小管膜的抽吸压力,减小主腔的宽度,可减小膜面不淤临界流速;③膜管内污染的临界速度与膜管径、污染物与膜壁吸引力关系,消除膜污染的运行控制条件.     

双膜曝气生物膜反应器除水中硝氮和高氯酸盐

构建了一种以CO₂为唯一碳源的膜曝气氢基质生物膜反应器（H₂-MBfR）对模拟地下水中2种主要的氧化型无机无污染物（NO₃^--N和ClO₄^-）进行生物还原去除.通过膜曝气方式使CO₂起到提供碳源和调节反硝化过程中pH值跃升的双重作用,克服了传统方法所带来的二次污染和运行成本增加的问题.通过调整H₂和CO₂压力能够实现对反应器出水pH值的较为稳定的控制,当CO₂压力分别为0.05MPa和0.08MPa 2个阶段时,在平均NO₃^--N和ClO₄^-进水浓度分别为20.73mg/L和10.57mg/L条件下,两阶段出水平均pH值分别为8.45和8.06,NO₃^--N和ClO₄^-去除率均大于95%;当第3阶段CO₂压力提升至0.12MPa时,平均出水pH值下降至6.93,此时NO₃^--N和ClO₄^-去除通量明显降低.而提供过量的CO₂会导致在偏酸性条件下甲烷化过程的产生,从而会导致其对H₂的负面消耗进而使目标污染物的还原速率下降.因此,合理控制CO₂压力使反应体系pH值维持在中性偏碱性条件下有利于NO₃^--N和ClO₄^-还原过程的高效进行.     

Phosphorus-doped graphene supported palladium (Pd/PG) electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction in PEM water electrolysis

PEM water electrolysis is one of the most efficient methods for the production of hydrogen because of produced high purity of the gases and environmentally friendly. In the present study, Phosphorus-doped Graphene (PG) was synthesized by thermal annealing of triphenylphosphine (TPP) and graphene oxide (GO). The PG supported palladium (Pd/PG) electrocatalysts were synthesized by chemical reduction method and used as the cathode for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrode. Structural properties and electrochemical performances of the synthesized Pd/PG electrocatalyst were studied by FE-SEM, EDS, ICP, FT-IR, XRD, and Cyclic voltammetry (CV) methods, respectively. The membrane electrode assemblies (MEA’s) were fabricated using Pd/PG as cathode for HER electrode and RuO₂ as anode for OER electrode. Also, their electrochemical performances along with the corresponding hydrogen yields were evaluated in single cell PEM water electrolyzer at various experimental conditions such as different current densities from 0.1 to 2.0 A cm^?2 and temperatures (28–80°C). The synthesized Pd/PG electrocatalyst was observed a current density of 1 A cm^?2 with 1.95 V at 80°C. Further, long-term stability studies were carried out continuously up to 2000 h which showed a reasonable stability. Hence, the synthesized Pd/PG can be used as an alternative to Pt-based electrocatalysts for the HER in PEM water electrolysis.     

A/O膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的试验研究

本文通过试验采用A/O膜生物反应器对垃圾渗滤液进行了处理,结果表明:当厌氧水力停留时为15 h、好氧水力停留时间为30 h、回流比为300%～400%时,CODcr、BOD5、氨氮及TN的平均去除率分别为85.2%、91.6%、88%和43.9%;人工投加碳源后,TN的平均去除率提高到77.7%;在反应器好氧区中形成了...     

医院污水处理中可吸附有机卤化物(AOX)及其毒性研究

对序批式膜生物反应器（MBR）处理前后医院污水中的AOX进行了比较,分析了c_Rt值对不同水质中AOX生成量的影响及相应的生物毒性.结果表明,序批式MBR对医院污水中AOX的去除率达到63.6％,其中膜截留占14.5％;要获得相同的c_Rt值,原污水所需的投氯量显著高于MBR出水,相应生成的AOX浓度也较高;通过曲线拟合发现,随着c_Rt的增长,医院原污水中AOX浓度呈指数增长,而MBR出水呈线性关系.以粪大肠杆菌为指示微生物,要达到医院污水微生物排放标准（GB 18466-2005）,医院原污水所需c_Rt为5.5 (mg·h)/L,而MBR出水只需c_Rt为0.007 5 (mg·h)/L,其相应的生物毒性分别为40.39 μg/L和8.96 μg/L (以K₂Cr₂O₇计),AOX浓度分别为607.1 μg/L和102.5 μg/L.