聚乙烯醇微球预涂动态膜的制备及表征

为了提高微滤膜的抗污染性和降低膜组件的价格,利用循环预涂工艺制备出新型聚乙烯醇微球预涂动态膜（PVA-MS/PCDMs）.对不同聚乙烯醇微球预涂量的动态膜进行了系统表征,结果显示,PVA-MS/PCDMs的清水过滤阻力介于0.64×10¹⁰～3.84×10¹⁰ m^-1, 渗透性良好;当预涂量≥23.9 g·m^－２时,可达到微滤分离水平;亲水性随预涂量的增加而增强,动态接触角由基膜的118.25°降低到预涂量为61.9 g·m^－２时的61.52°;利用流动电位法在20℃,pH为8.0±0.2,0.01 mol·Ｌ^－１　KCl溶液的测试条件下,测得当预涂量为15.7 g·m^－２时膜面相对Zeta电位值可达-36.4　mV.并且,通过PVA-MS/PCDMs在SMBR中的短期通量衰减变化（恒压）和对EPS的扩散实验发现,预涂量为23.9～61.9 g·m^－２时,增加了对EPS的扩散渗透性能,且膜通量衰减趋于稳定时仍为基膜的3.5～4.8倍,即提高了抗污染性.     

移动床膜生物反应器同步硝化反硝化特性

采用挂膜填料代替传统膜生物反应器(MBR)的活性污泥,构建一种新型的移动床膜生物反应器 (MBMBR),考察其处理模拟生活污水的效果及同步硝化反硝化(SND)特性.结果表明,移动床膜生物反应器运行67 d,对模拟生活污水表现出良好的去除有机物及同步硝化反硝化能力.进水COD浓度为573.5～997.7 mg/L时,膜出水COD去除率为88.3%～99.2%.进水氨氮浓度为45.5～99.2 mg/L时,膜出水氨氮去除率为72.1%～99.8%,总氮去除率为62.0%～96.3%.批式实验结果表明,生物膜去除总氮的最佳溶解氧浓度为1 mg/L,其中氨氮和总氮去除率分别为100%和60%.生物膜系统内可能存在好氧反硝化现象.DO为3 mg/L且有机碳源充足时,生物膜总氮去除率为99.0%,SND率达到99.8%.扫描电镜对生物膜的观察发现生物膜内部存在着明显的孔隙,有利于溶解氧和有机基质从外界向生物膜内部传递.     

城市污水二级出水有机物分子量分布和亲疏水特性对纳滤膜污染的影响

分别采用分子量分级膜和XAD-8树脂,研究了污水厂二级出水中有机物分子量分布特征及不同分子量分布区间亲疏水有机物的相对含量,考察了分子量分布及亲疏水特性对纳滤膜透水性能的影响.结果表明,二级出水有机物中,小分子亲水性有机物含量最高,小于2k的有机物占总有机物含量的45.61%,其中亲水性物质占28.07%,疏水性物质占17.54%;不同特征的原水分别经纳滤膜过滤,分子量分布对膜污染影响较大,分子量小于30k时,分子量区间越小,比通量衰减越快,分子量大于30k时,分子量区间越大,比通量衰减越快,且分子量较小的有机物通量衰减程度大于分子量较大有机物;在分子量分布相同区间内,亲水性有机物的比通量衰减较慢,说明相同分子量时,膜对亲水性物质的截留率较低,而疏水性物质是引起膜通量衰减的主要原因.     

Bio-reduction of nitrate from groundwater using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor

A hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor(MBfR) using H2 as electron donor was investigated to remove nitrate from groundwater.When nitrate was first introduced to the MBfR,denitrification took place on the shell side of the membranes immediately,and the effluent concentration of nitrate continuously decreased with 100% removal rate on day 45 under the influent nitrate concentration of 5 mg NO3--N/L,which described the acclimating and enriching process of autohydrogenotrophic denitrification bacteria.A series of short-term experiments were applied to investigate the effects of hydrogen pressures and nitrate loadings on denitrification.The results showed that nitrate reduction rate improved as H2 pressure increasing,and over 97% of total nitrogen removal rate was achieved when the nitrate loading increased from 0.17 to 0.34 g NO3--N/(m2 ·day) without nitrite accumulation.The maximum denitrification rate was 384 g N/(m3 ·day).Partial sulfate reduction,which occurred in parallel to nitrate reduction,was inhibited by denitrififcation due to the competition for H2 .This research showed that MBfR is effective for removing nitrate from the contaminated groundwater.     

SMBR应用于小规模中水回用工程的调试研究

对应用了SMBR的小规模中水回用工程进行了设计和调试,调试包括活性污泥的间歇培养和连续培养。连续培养试运行期间的监测值说明膜技术的优越性,氨氮和色度的去除主要依靠生物处理。     

膜传质的统计力学模型研究

本文根据压力驱动膜分离过程的特点,采用统计力学传质模型,通过相关的热力学理论和数学方法,建立了考虑粘性流动在内的适用于任意浓度非理想多组分溶液的可实际应用的统计力学膜传质模型,并通过实验对该模型进行了检验,结果表明该模型与实验结果符合的较好。     

纳滤膜处理乳制品废水过程中的膜污染清洗方法的研究

针对纳滤过程中乳制品废水污染的纳滤膜,选用不同的清洗剂进行清洗实验,讨论了清洗剂浓度、清洗温度、清洗时间对膜通量恢复率的影响,确定了适宜的清洗方案。实验结果表明,单纯使用一种清洗剂不能达到通量恢复的要求,确定的清洗方案为:先用35～40℃,pH=10.5的NaOH溶液清洗30min,再用0.3%H2O2碱液清洗20min,最后用2%柠檬酸清洗30min,能取得很好的清洗效果,适合清洗和环保的要求。     

盐胁迫对无瓣海桑幼苗根茎叶膜保护系统的影响

通过对无瓣海桑用不同盐度的水3个月的处理,发现无瓣海桑根、茎、叶中蛋白质含量与可溶性总糖含量随盐度的变化而变化.当盐度高于10时,无瓣海桑茎、叶的膜脂质过氧化破坏显著加强.植物体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性也明显增加,两者具有很好的相关性(R2=0.914).随着盐度的升高,无瓣海桑各器官过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性都增强.根据试验结果,无瓣海桑能够在高盐度(50)下存活3个月.在盐度为0-10时,Sa在生理生态上表现对盐环境的适应性.当盐度高于20时,无瓣海桑的生理表现较为敏感,膜脂质氧化破坏严重.     

Chemodynamics of heavy metals in long-term contaminated soils：Metal speciation in soil solution

The concentration and speciation of heavy metals in soil solution isolated from long-term contaminated soils were investigated. The soil solution was extracted at 70% maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) after equilibration for 24 h. The free metal concentrations (Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) in soil solution were determined using the Donnan membrane technique (DMT). Initially the DMT was validated using artificial solutions where the percentage of free metal ions were significantly correlated with the percentages predicted using MINTEQA2. However, there was a significant difference between the absolute free ion concentrations predicted by MINTEQA2 and the values determined by the DMT. This was due to the significant metal adsorption onto the cation exchange membrane used in the DMT with 20%, 28%, 44%, and 8% mass loss of the initial total concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in solution, respectively. This could result in a significant error in the determination of free metal ions when using DMT if no allowance for membrane cation adsorption was made. Relative to the total soluble metal concentrations the amounts of free Cd2+ (3%–52%) and Zn2+ (11%–72%) in soil solutions were generally higher than those of Cu2+ (0.2%–30%) and Pb2+ (0.6%–10%). Among the key soil solution properties, dissolved heavy metal concentrations were the most significant factor governing free metal ion concentrations. Soil solution pH showed only a weak relationship with free metal ion partitioning coefficients (Kp) and dissolved organic carbon did not show any significant influence on Kp.     

Preparation of high concentration polyaluminum chloride with high content of Alb or Alc

A novel membrane distillation concentration method was used to prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with high content of Alb or Alc. 2.52 mol/L PACl1 with 88% Alb and 2.38 mol/L PACl2 with 61% Alc were successfully prepared. Three coagulants, AlCl3, PACl1 and PACl2 were investigated on their hydrolysis behavior and speciation under di erent conditions. The e ects of pH and dilution ratio on Al species distribution were investigated by ferron assay. Experimental result showed that pH had a significant e ect on Al species distribution for the three coagulants. Dilution ratio had little e ects on Alb and Alc distribution in whole dilution process except the beginning for PACl1 and PACl2. The results indicated that transformation of Al depends largely on their original composition. AlCl3 was the most unstable coagulant among these three coagulants during hydrolysis process. PACl1 and PACl2 with significant amounts of highly charged and stable polynuclear aluminum hydrolysis products were less a ected by the hydrolysis conditions and could maintain high speciation stability under various conditions.