壳聚糖聚乙二醇活性炭共混超滤膜制备及性能研究

研究了壳聚糖制备超滤膜,以及致孔剂聚乙二醇(PEG400)、活性炭含量对膜的水通量和截流率的影响。发现PEG的加入大大提高了壳聚糖超滤膜的纯水透过率和对牛白蛋白溶液的截流率。加入活性炭也同样可以提高膜的纯水通量和截流率。结果表明,选择投加5μL(每100mL铸膜液添加5μLPEG)的水溶性PEG400为致孔剂所制得的膜的水通量和截留率最理想。将此膜应用到洗浴废水上,COD去除率达到75%。     

PAC-DMBR处理生活污水的研究

将粉末活性炭(PAC)技术与动态膜生物反应器(DMBR)相结合,应用于处理生活污水,在HRT为8.5h,MLSS为4500mg/L,平均温度为32℃条件下,PAC-DMBR较单一的DMBR对COD和NH3-N的平均去除率分别提高了11.3%和3.3%,且PAC-DMBR系统的出水浊度低达0.99NTU。     

印染废水处理的磁混凝-高梯度磁分离协同作用

混凝过程作为工业废水的预处理技术普遍受到重视,在混凝过程中降低污泥产生量并提高污泥分离速度是该技术发展的方向,基于上述目标,通过将磁粉引入絮体使之磁化并在自行研制的高梯度磁分离装置中实现磁混凝与磁分离的协同作用.以高浊度的印染废水作为试验废水,以色度、COD及SS作为考核指标,重点考察了磁混凝反应及磁分离的影响因素.当印染废水的色度约为900倍、COD约为595 mg/L、SS约为500 mg/L时,在pH=8.5、FeSO4500 mg/L、PAM3.5 mg/L、磁粉400 mg/L的适宜磁混凝反应条件下,相应指标去除率比传统混凝法分别高出17.3%、21.7%及24.2%,此时絮团沉降速度增大了64.3%,污泥体积减少了61%,污泥压缩比为0.39.在电流强度8 A、流速2.5 L/min和介质填充率1%的操作条件下,该磁性絮体流经高梯度磁分离装置时的水力表面负荷达到61.0 m3/m2·h,处理出水达到国家二级排放标准.     

生物强化对MBR系统生物特性及群落结构的影响

采用高效菌强化膜生物反应器对溴氨酸废水进行处理,考察了生物强化前后系统对溴氨酸的降解能力及其内部微生物生理状态变化.并采用核糖体基因间隔序列分析技术(RISA)解析了高效菌投加前后污泥系统的群落变化.实验表明,投菌后在进水负荷增加的条件下,上清液和膜出水的溴氨酸脱色率分别约为50%和65%,相应的COD去除率分别约为25%和50%,和投菌前基本保持一致;TTC-脱氢酶活性和胞外聚合物(EPS)浓度略有波动,但是运行一段时间后即恢复到投菌前水平.群落分析表明高效菌可以在系统中稳定存在,并且不对原菌群结构造成较大影响.     

一体式光催化氧化-膜分离流化床反应器性能的研究

通过对光催化氧化和有机膜分离技术的耦合,设计了一种新型一体式光催化氧化-膜分离流化床反应器,并通过利用颗粒状TiO2催化剂(粒径0.28～0.33 μm)对浓度为10 mg/L的酸性红B模拟废水的降解实验,研究了反应器的性能.结果表明,反应器中TiO2的加入量以2 g/L为宜,废水脱色率达98%;膜组件底部的曝气装置可大大减轻膜污染,"表面冲洗 反冲洗"的清洗方法能够有效地恢复膜通量.     

水体沉积物中有效砷的测试新方法研究

一种氧化铁/醋酸纤维素复合膜(FeO/CAM)被用于太湖沉积物中砷的生物有效性评估.结果发现,在水介质中,FeO/CAM对沉积物中砷的富集量随土水比增加而呈乘幂函数减少,在土水质量比为0.025(即1:40)之后趋于某一平台值;在土水比为0.025并得到充分振荡的条件下,沉积物中释放的有效砷被FeO/CAM富集至膜中,并随时间增加而增加,至24 h后逐渐趋于平衡,这一过程恰当地模拟了生物对砷的吸收.因此,FeO/CAM可以用于有效砷的体外测试.利用FeO/CAM对12个总砷含量为6.4～34.6 mg·kg-1的太湖沉积物样品中的有效砷进行了测定.结果发现,FeO/CAM提取的有效砷含量与磷酸盐缓冲液提取的有效砷含量之间显著相关.太湖沉积物中的有效砷含量与总砷、总磷、有机质和吸附磷含量以及磷吸附饱和度显著相关,说明沉积物理化属性对有效砷含量有重要影响.FeO/CAM克服了化学试剂提取过程中引起的非有效态砷释放的根本缺陷,因此,FeO/CAM方法在沉积物有效砷含量的测定时比化学试剂提取法可能更准确.     

凝胶层析-荧光分光光度法联用分析饮用水中铝的形态

将凝胶层析与荧光分光光度法相结合进行饮用水中铝形态的分析.结果表明,凝胶层析对胶体态铝和溶解态铝有较好的分离效果.依据衍生试剂8-羟基喹啉(8-HQ)和铬蓝黑R(EBBR)与不同铝形态结合强度的差异,通过荧光分光光度法可分析饮用水中的单核铝、无机单核铝,再结合硝酸消解可测定饮用水中的总铝、溶胶态铝和胶体态铝.对饮用水中铝形态的分析表明:清华大学地区的地下水和北京市给水管网末端水的总铝含量均在50μg·l-1以下,无机单核铝为饮用水中铝的主要存在形态.     

Boiling treatment of ABS and PS plastics for flotation separation

A new physical method, namely boiling treatment, was developed to aid flotation separation of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and polystyrene (PS) plastics. Boiling treatment was shown to be effective in producing a hydrophilic surface on ABS plastic. Fourier Transform Infrared analysis was conducted to investigate the mechanism of boiling treatment of ABS. Surface rearrangement of polymer may be responsible for surface change of boiling treated ABS, and the selective influence of boiling treatment on the floatability of boiling treated plastics may be attributed to the difference in the molecular mobility of polymer chains. The effects of flotation time, frother concentration and particle size on flotation behavior of simple plastic were investigated. Based on flotation behavior of simple plastic, flotation separation of boiling treatment ABS and PS with different particle sizes was achieved efficiently. The purity of ABS and PS was up to 99.78% and 95.80%, respectively; the recovery of ABS and PS was up to 95.81% and 99.82%, respectively. Boiling treatment promotes the industrial application of plastics flotation and facilitates plastic recycling.     

Reduction–melting combined with a Na2CO3 flux recycling process for lead recovery from cathode ray tube funnel glass

With large quantity of flux (Na₂CO₃), lead can be recovered from the funnel glass of waste cathode-ray tubes via reduction–melting at 1000 °C. To reduce flux cost, a technique to recover added flux from the generated oxide phase is also important in order to recycle the flux recovered from the reduction–melting process. In this study, the phase separation of sodium and the crystallization of water-soluble sodium silicates were induced after the reduction–melting process to enhance the leachability of sodium in the oxide phase and to extract the sodium from the phase for the recovery of Na₂CO₃ as flux. A reductive atmosphere promoted the phase separation and crystallization, and the leachability of sodium from the oxide phase was enhanced. The optimum temperature and treatment time for increasing the leachability were 700 °C and 2 h, respectively. After treatment, more than 90% of the sodium in the oxide phase was extracted in water. NaHCO₃ can be recovered by carbonization of the solution containing sodium ions using carbon dioxide gas, decomposed to Na₂CO₃ at 50 °C and recycled for use in the reduction–melting process.     

用树脂—半透膜囊对水环境中有效态金属含量进行长期监测I、树脂—半透膜囊对铜的吸附及不同树脂的差别

在实验室条件下，研究了阳离子交换树脂－半透膜囊对水中游离态铜的吸附作用，比较了装填不同型号树脂的半透膜囊的吸附过程。研究结果表明，在常量阳离子含量较铜离子含量高三个数量级的条件下，所研究树脂都能选择性地吸附铜，其中Ｃｈｅｌｅｘ１００与ＡｍｂｅｒｌｉｔｅＩＲ－１２０树脂对铜的亲和性最强。吸附过程在数十天内呈线住，且远未饱和。藻类、细菌及各类杂质的存在对吸附过程有明显影响。