多壁碳纳米管序列修饰聚氯乙烯超滤膜的制备及性能研究

采用硫酸、硝酸混酸改性多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs),通过化学水热法在改性的MWCNTs表面负载纳米Fe_3O_4,将负载Fe_3O_4的MWCNTs(MWCNTs/Fe_3O_4)与PVC在无磁场、有磁场作用下共混制膜,获得MWCNTs无序排列、有序排列修饰的PVC超滤膜,同时,制备了纯PVC膜以作比较.对共混膜有序修饰机制及断面形态进行了分析,对相关性能参数如接触角、膜的溶胀、膜孔隙率、膜平均孔径、纯水通量、截留性能及吸附性能等进行了研究.研究结果表明:MWCNTs/Fe_3O_4的加入使膜的亲水性、纯水通量、截留性能等有了显著提高,MWCNTs有序排列修饰使膜在表皮层形成了更加致密,更为狭长的微孔结构,具有了更优异的导流网络通道,在长时间运行条件下仍能保持良好的过滤负荷,提高了膜的性能.     

中水回用中平板膜的污染机理分析

采用间歇式生物反应器,对模拟小区生活污水的人工配水进行了生物处理;然后,在操作压力为0.1 MPa,搅拌速度为300 r/min条件下,选用膜生物反应器中常用的聚醚砜(PES,切割分子量分别为2万、1万和5千)、聚丙烯腈(PAN,切割分子量为20万)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF,切割分子量为20万)超滤平板膜和聚醚砜(PES,孔径为0.1μm)、聚丙烯腈(PAN,孔径为0.1μm)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF,孔径为0.1μm)微滤平板膜在实验室用死端超滤器上分别对活性污泥悬浮液进行了过滤并探讨了和间歇式生物反应器组合在一起用于中水回用的效果,结果表明:每种组合处理后的出水水质为COD＜50 mg/L,NH3-N＜10 mg/L,SS为0 mg/L,浊度为0 NTU,都达到了中水回用的水质标准(CJ25.1-89),其中生物反应器分别与PES超滤膜(5千、1万、2万)和PAN(20万、0.1μm)膜组合时,对COD的去除率较高,但所有组合对NH3-N、TOC去除率及膜的渗透通量都相差不大.此外,根据恒压堵塞过滤定律对膜的污染机理进行的研究证实:对于微滤膜和PAN(20万)超滤膜而言,由滤饼过滤过渡到完全(标准)堵塞,再到滤饼过滤;但对于PVDF(20万)和PES(2万)超滤膜,则由标准堵塞过渡到完全堵塞,再到滤饼过滤;PES(5千、1万)超滤膜的污染机理相对简单,整个过程以滤饼过滤为主.     

Fetal intestinal microvilli in human amniotic fluid

The intestinal microvilli of fetal origin in human amniotic fluid were purified by Ca²⁺ precipitation of contaminating organelles followed by differential centrifugation of microvillar membranes. In the purified preparation, the specific activity of the microvillar marker-enzymes maltase and sucrase increased about 77-fold over that in cell-free amniotic fluid. Significant contamination of the purified preparation by endoplasmic reticulum (microsomes) and lysosomes was ruled out on the basis of a low content of the marker enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase (microsomes) and acid phosphatase (lysosomes). Amniotic fluid microvilli contain typical enzymes of the fetal intestine including maltase, sucrase, trehalase, alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase, and their morphology by electron microscopy resembles that of vesiculated intestinal microvilli. Prenatal detection of genetic diseases due to a deficiency of a protein expressed in these membranes or associated to abnormal microvilli seems feasible.     

Mechanism of combination membrane and electro-winning process on treatment and remediation of Cu^2＋ polluted water body

Mechanism of treatment and remediation of synthetic Cu2+ polluted water body by membrane and electro-winning combination process was investigated. The influences of electrolysis voltage, pH, and electrolysis time on the metal recovery efficiencies were studied. Relationship between trans-membrane pressure drop ( P), additions ratio, initial Cu2+ concentration on operating efficiency, stability of membrane and the possibility of water reuse were also investigated. The morphology of membrane and electrodes were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the composition of surface deposits was ascertained using combined energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that using low pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO), Cu2+ concentration could increase from 20 to 100 mg/L or even higher in concentrated solutions and permeate water conductivity could be less than 20 μS/cm. The addition of sodium dodecy/sulfate sodium dodecyl sulfate improved Cu2+ removal efficiency, while EDTA had little side influence. In electro-reduction process, using plante electrode cell, Cu2+ concentration could be further reduced to 5 mg/L, and the average current efficiency ranged from 9% to 40%. Using 3D electrolysis treatment, Cu2+ concentration could be reduced to 0.5 mg/L with a current efficiency range 60%–70%.     

萃取条件对支撑液膜法提取有机酸的影响

采用支撑液膜法分离提取混合液中的有机酸,通过萃取工艺条件优化,探讨支撑液膜法提取有机酸的可行性。由疏水微滤膜组件、载体、有机溶剂和反萃取剂组成的支撑液膜体系可以有效实现有机酸的分离提取。气相色谱分析表明,当提取时间为360min、给液相有机酸浓度为20g/L、载体体积浓度为10%及温度为30℃时,总有机酸提取率可达79.3%,较好实现了有机酸的同步提取和浓缩。     

Controlling various contaminants in wastewater effluent through membranes and engineered wetland

For effective wastewater reclamation and water recovery, the treatment of natural and effluent organic matters (NOM and EfOM), toxic anions, and micropollutants was considered in this work. Two different NOM (humic acid of the Suwannee River, and NOM of US and Youngsan River, Korea), and one EfOM from the Damyang wastewater treatment plant, Korea, were selected for investigating the removal efficiencies of tight nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with different properties. Nitrate, bromate, and perchlorate were selected as target toxic anions due to their well known high toxicities. Tri-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), oxybenzone, and caffeine, due to their different K _ow and pK _a values, were selected as target micropollutants. As expected, the NF membranes provided high removal efficiencies in terms of all the tested contaminants, and the UF membrane provided fairly high removal efficiencies for anions (except for nitrate) and the relatively hydrophobic micropollutant, oxybenzon. Through the wetlands, nitrate was successfully removed. Therefore, a fair process of combining membranes with an engineered wetland could be proposed for sustainable wastewater reclamation and optimum control of contaminats.     

脂肪族及杂环分子结构和纳滤膜特性对截留率的影响规律

选择20种脂肪族及杂环化合物作为模型污染物,分别测定了三种不同纳滤膜对脂肪族及杂环化合物的截留率.结果表明,脂肪族及杂环化合物的截留率受到分子的分枝结构、环状结构、酸性和膜特性的影响:对于同分异构体,分枝结构愈多,截留率愈高;环状有机物与分子量相近的直链有机物相比,截留率明显偏高;脂肪酸的截留率高于绝大多数醇类、醚类和酮类等不离解的化合物;孔径小、荷电量大的纳滤膜截留率更高.通过基于遗传算法结合偏最小二乘回归法(GA-PLS)建立了纳滤膜对脂肪族及杂环化合物截留率的定量构效关系模型,通过分析回归方程,可以看出膜与脂肪族及杂环化合物之间的电性作用并不是影响截留率的主要因素,而分子形状和大小对截留率的影响很显著.     

膜表面光接枝改性的研究现状及展望

本文介绍了利用紫外光将单体接枝到聚合物表面的技术原理与条件 ,并介绍了分离膜表面进行光接枝聚合的研究进展及发展趋势     

Cr6+对人血红细胞膜的损伤及茶多酚对其保护作用的分子机理研究

采用TBA(thiobatbrturic acid)法和ESR自旅标记技术,测定了无机致癌物重铬酸钾(Cr~(6+))对红细胞膜的蛋白巯基和磷脂的作用,结果表明,Cr~(6+)引发红细胞膜产生脂质过氧化的同时,膜上蛋白巯基构象和磷脂的流动性发生改变.而茶多酚对Cr~(6+)引起红细胞膜上的这些变化均有明显抑制作用.     

Theory for reactive solute transport through clay membrane barriers

The theoretical development for one-dimensional, coupled migration of solutes with different ionic mobilities through clay soils that behave as ion-restrictive membranes, referred to as clay membrane barriers (CMBs), is presented. The transport formulation is based on principles of irreversible thermodynamics and accounts explicitly for coupling effects of hyperfiltration (ultrafiltration) and chemico-osmotic counter-advection associated with clay membrane behavior in the absence of electrical current. Since, by definition, no solute can enter a "perfect" or "ideal" membrane, the concept of an implicit coupling effect, such that the effective salt-diffusion coefficient, Ds* approaches zero as the chemico-osmotic efficiency coefficient, omega approaches unity is introduced. The theoretical development also illustrates that, even in the absence of membrane behavior, traditional advective-dispersive transport theory based on a constant value of Ds* for the solutes may not be appropriate for simulating transient transport in reactive (ion exchanging) systems. This potential limitation is illustrated through simulations for solute mass flux involving the migration of a binary salt solution (KCl) through a clay barrier with exchange sites saturated with a single exchangeable cation (e.g., Na+) that enters the pore solution upon ion exchange with the salt cation (K+).