广州市居民家庭室内灰尘中传统和新型阻燃剂与塑化剂的污染特征及健康风险评估

近年来,随着阻燃剂多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和以邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)为代表的传统型塑化剂(LPs)的逐步禁用或限用,有机磷系阻燃剂(PFRs)等新型阻燃剂及替代型塑化剂(APs)的生产和使用呈逐年增长的趋势,其环境污染特征和人体暴露健康风险值得引起广泛关注.目前,灰尘已广泛用于室内环境中PBDEs、PFRs和LPs等半挥发性有机污染物(SVOCs)的污染特征评估,而关于室内灰尘中APs的污染特征则鲜有报道.本研究以广州市42户普通居民家庭为研究对象,采集家庭室内灰尘并分析了PFRs、PBDEs、LPs和APs的含量及组成特征.结果表明,PFRs、PBDEs、LPs和APs在室内灰尘中均有广泛检出,其含量分别为593.28～11531.56、13.45～27029.13、40494.83～1154497.16和15365.19～1013352.51 ng·g^-1.大多数家庭中,PFRs和部分APs在灰尘中的含量呈现高于PBDEs和LPs的特征,PFRs和APs等新型污染物的人体暴露健康风险需引起高度关注.采用暴露模型评估人体经灰尘摄入和皮肤接触对目标污染物的日均暴...     

高氟地区电解铝厂场地氟污染特征及其风险评估

针对位于我国典型高氟地区的氟污染场地开展环境调查,分析氟化物污染水平分布特征,并探析场地重污染区不同深度土层氟化物的地下迁移特征,评估该场地基于不同用地功能的氟化物环境风险效应。结果表明:场地表层土壤中氟化物浓度为3 340~38 400 mg/kg,与当地土壤氟化物背景值相比超标率为96%,土壤浸出液中氟化物浓度为0.06~25.40 mg/L;土壤中氟化物赋存形态以残渣态为主(占比93.88%),水溶态占比为0.85%;污染场地土壤类型影响氟化物地下迁移行为,黏土层对氟化物有很强的吸附和滞留能力。该污染场地若用作第一类用地(以住宅用地为代表),场地风险超过可接受风险水平;若用作第二类用地(以工业用地为代表),场地风险未超过可接受风险水平。     

平原河网地区闸控型河道生态修复效果评价

针对城市河道治理后反复出现水华现象的问题,以上海市青浦区小涞港河段为研究区域,基于层次分析法和熵权法的组合赋权法,参考相关研究并结合实地调查,优化选取水质、底泥、护岸等相关指标建立评价指标体系,进行河道生态修复效果评价。结果表明：较高的硝酸盐浓度〔NO₃ ⁻-N浓度为（3.055±2.863）mg/L,其与叶绿素a浓度显著相关,r=0.36,P<0.05〕是闸控型平原河网水系河流重要的水华潜在风险因素,建议结合现有闸泵工程活水畅流技术,进一步优化曝气方式,创造合适的缺氧微环境以及通过硫、铁元素耦合强化总氮去除;河道底泥以营养盐污染〔内源氮浓度为（2 171.99±1 664.40）mg/kg〕为主,现有沉水植物种类较为单一,易产生丝状藻华孳生现象,建议增加沉水植物的种类并进行合理配置,降低底泥营养盐污染,增强以沉水植物为核心的水生生态系统稳定性;采用的浆砌混凝土硬质护岸对雨水径流污染的净化拦截能力严重不足,建议适当拓宽河道,对护岸进行生态化改造,选择合理的填料基质和植被配置,以强化护岸对面源污染的截留功能。

     

矿山公园土壤重金属的生态与健康风险评价—以湖南M矿为例

矿山公园建设是矿山生态环境修复治理的重要途径,评估土壤修复效果对矿山公园建设运营及游客旅游安全具有重要意义。在湖南M矿山公园非硬化地面采集地表0~30 cm旱土土壤样品66个,测定其中重金属Mn、Cr、Zn、Pb、As、Cu、Ni、Hg的浓度,采用综合污染指数法、潜在生态危害指数法及健康风险评估模型对矿山公园土壤修复后污染状况、潜在生态风险和人类健康风险三方面进行评价。结果表明：M矿山公园土壤中各金属浓度平均值从高到低依次为Mn>Cr>Zn>Pb>As>Cu>Ni>Hg,其中,Cr、Mn、Cu、As和Pb的平均值分别是湖南省土壤背景值的1.23、1.80、1.12、2.05和1.34倍。土壤重金属污染指数为0.51,处于安全级别。各重金属元素单因子潜在风险指数均处于低生态风险级别,重金属综合潜在风险指数均值为81.64,处于低生态风险级别,不存在潜在生态风险。儿童和成人的非致癌风险总值分别为2.46×10⁻¹和7.43×10⁻²,不会造成非致癌风险;总致癌风险指数为1.38×10⁻⁷,不存在致癌风险。经过生态修复后的M矿山公园不存在土壤重金属生态健康风险,适于各类人群开展旅游休闲活动。

     

广元市周边废弃煤矿酸性矿井涌水水质分析及地下水健康风险评价

为揭示酸性矿山废水对其周边地下水和地表水水质构成的影响,以及地下水中金属元素对人体健康的潜在危害,以广元市周边废弃煤矿为研究区域,对区域内23个地下水样品和39个地表水样品中的常规指标和金属元素进行测定和分析。基于内梅罗综合指数法和污染指数法分析研究区地下水及地表水环境质量,应用健康风险评价模型评价研究区地下水健康风险。结果表明：研究区范围内地表水中的TDS（总溶解性固体物质）、SO₄ ²⁻、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度较高,其中TDS和SO₄ ²⁻平均浓度最高,超过GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类限值。研究区范围内地下水水质较差,SO₄ ²⁻、TDS、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺浓度较高,其中SO₄ ²⁻以及TDS的平均浓度最高;地下水的金属元素平均浓度的大小顺序为TFe（Fe²⁺、Fe³⁺总和）>Al>Pb>Zn>Mn>Cu>TCr（Cr³⁺、Cr⁶⁺总和）>Cd>As>Hg,有9种金属元素超过GB/T 14848—2017《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类限值;从地下水的金属元素浓度空间分布来看,东部地区高于西部地区,旺苍县地下水水质受重金属污染最为严重。内梅罗指数评价结果显示,大部分地表水评价结果为良好或极好,少部分为较差或极差,这与污染指数评价结果具有较好的一致性,主要由矿井涌水排放导致。健康风险评价结果表明,研究区地下水健康总风险较高,主要来源于致癌性元素As、Cd和Cr,致癌风险均高于最大限值（10⁻⁴）,非致癌总风险均大于可接受的健康风险最大限值（1）,表明地下水具有较为严重的非致癌健康风险;研究区地下水经口暴露途径出现的潜在非致癌风险超过皮肤暴露途径,且成年人的潜在非致癌风险高于儿童。研究区范围内地下水水质存在较大健康风险,该类水体不宜饮用,在日后使用过程中应重点防控重金属Al、Pb、Zn和Fe引致的风险。

     

基于微生物生物完整性指数的北京市城市河道生态系统健康评价

生物完整性指数（IBI）是河道生态系统健康评价的重要且被广泛应用的指标,然而,基于水体中分解者微生物群落构建IBI评价标准的研究较少。针对北京市城市河道生态系统健康状况开展评价,探索微生物生物完整性指数(M-IBI)评价流程与标准构建方法。基于沉积物中微生物Illumina高通量测序信息,筛选出关键环境因子（水质指标TN、TP、NH₃-N、NO₃-N和NO₂-N）确定候选生物指标,根据判别能力分析结果,确定Shannon指数、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）相对丰度、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）相对丰度、蓝藻门（Cyanobacteria）相对丰度、COD_Cr耐受属相对丰度和NH₃-N清洁属相对丰度6个指标,提出了指标标准化公式和健康评价标准。结果表明,以自然水体为补水的永定河各采样点评价结果均为健康状态,其他3条以城镇再生水厂出水为补水的河道中,清河4个采样点为健康至亚健康状态,凉水河5个采样点为健康至一般状态,大龙河4个采样点为亚健康至一般状态。M-IBI可以有效区分不同程度的受损点位,较合理地评价城市河道生态系统健康状况。

     

贵阳和万山地区部分蔬菜中的重金属含量及其健康风险

以贵州省贵阳市和万山地区为例,对购自当地自由市场的部分蔬菜中的重金属Cd、Hg、Pb、Mn、As的含量进行了测定,并以国际放射防护委员会(ICRP,International Commissionon Radiological Protection)给出的限定值为标准,对某些重金属含量超标的蔬菜进行了健康风险评价.结果表明:除个别蔬菜的As和Mn外,万山地区蔬菜中的重金属含量均明显高于贵阳地区;两地蔬菜中的As、Pb含量均低于国家限定值(GB4810-1994、GB14935-1994),而部分蔬菜中的Cd、Hg含量均明显超出国家限定值(GB15201-1994、GB2762-1994).风险评价结果表明贵阳和万山两地的蔬菜可能存在重金属Cd、Hg、Pb的中、轻度污染;存在Cd污染的蔬菜对人体的年致癌风险为3.40×10-7·a-1,非致癌物Hg和Pb对人体的总健康风险分别为3.63×10-7·a-1、1.69×10-6·a-1,均低于ICRP标准.     

A hybrid decision-making approach based on FCM and MOORA for occupational health and safety risk analysis

IntroductionWith the development of industries and increased diversity of their associated hazards, the importance of identifying these hazards and controlling the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) risks has also dramatically augmented. Currently, there is a serious need for a risk management system to identify and prioritize risks with the aim of providing corrective/preventive measures to minimize the negative consequences of OHS risks. In fact, this system can help the protection of employees’ health and reduction of organizational costs. Method: The present study proposes a hybrid decision-making approach based on the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM), and Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) for assessing and prioritizing OHS risks. After identifying the risks and determining the values of the risk assessment criteria via the FMEA technique, the attempt is made to determine the weights of criteria based on their causal relationships through FCM and the hybrid learning algorithm. Then, the risk prioritization is carried out using the MOORA method based on the decision matrix (the output of the FMEA) and the weights of the criteria (the output of the FCM). Results: The results from the implementation of the proposed approach in a manufacturing company reveal that the score at issue can overcome some of the drawbacks of the traditional Risk Priority Number (RPN) in the conventional FMEA, including lack of assignment the different relative importance to the assessment criteria, inability to take into account other important management criteria, lack of consideration of causal relationships among criteria, and high dependence of the prioritization on the experts’ opinions, which finally provides a full and distinct risk prioritization.     

Development of inherent safety and health index for formulated product design

The numerous formulated products which are introduced to the market consist of chemical ingredients that may cause various safety and health hazards to the consumers. Therefore, it is extremely important to practice a systematic methodology to formulate products with acceptable safety and health performances. This work presents an index-based methodology to assess the safety and health hazards of the ingredients during the early formulation stage of product design. Hence, new inherent safety and health sub-indexes are introduced to improve the current safety and health hazards that are needed in formulated product design. The inherent safety and health sub-indexes are assigned with scores based on the degree of potential hazards. A higher score indicates a higher safety risk or severe health effect, and vice versa. The proposed methodology will greatly assist the users to identify the adverse safety and health effects caused by the ingredients. Hence, it is pivotal to eliminate or reduce the safety and health impacts from product usage. A case study on common ingredients used in the formulation of paint is presented on this study to describe the proposed method.     

Altruism and environmental risks to health of parents and their children

This paper tests an equilibrium condition from a model that incorporates: (1) altruism of parents toward their young children, and (2) household production of latent health risks. The model demonstrates that an altruistic parent's marginal rate of substitution between an environmental health risk to herself and to her child is equal to the ratio of marginal risk reduction costs. Econometric estimates support this prediction based on data from a stated preference survey involving 488 parents of children aged 3–12 years. This outcome implies that parents reallocate family resources to at least partly offset the effectiveness of public programs that aim to reduce their children's environmental risks.