徐州北郊大气降尘重金属污染特征与风险评价

采集了徐州北郊第三、四季度大气降尘样品，分析了降尘中As、Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu的污染水平和健康风险.结果表明，研究区域降尘中Pb、Cu、Cr、As和Cd沉降通量分别为1.49，1.21，0.96，0.243mg/（m²·月），以及9.23μg/（m²·月）.降尘中5种元素含量均超过当地土壤背景值，但未超过相关标准值.研究区域内Cu空间变异性最强（110.05%），Pb的沉降通量最高，Cd最低，相较于国内其他工业城市，Cr、Cu的沉降通量偏高，Cd偏低.时间上，第三季度，5种重金属地累积指数排序为：Cu>Pb>Cd>As>Cr；第四季度则为Pb>Cu>Cd>As>Cr.其中Cu、Pb、Cd污染程度均在中度和偏重度以上，As介于轻度和偏中度污染，Cr为轻度污染.10处监测点各重金属均为轻微潜在生态风险，降尘中As对儿童存在一定的非致癌风险和经口摄入的致癌风险.     

Assessment of daily intake of organochlorine pesticides from milk in different regions of Poland

The common occurrence of organochlorine compounds in the environment, food and human tissues may constitute a serious threat to human health. The method of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy was used to determine the content of pesticides in 15 samples of raw cow's milk from different regions of Poland. The results revealed high levels of p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT, heptachlor and aldrin. The studied milk contained lindane in average concentrations within the maximum limits. Although in 20% of all samples tested, the concentration of lindane exceeded permissible limits, while in 15% of samples the content of Σ DDT was too high. But the average daily consumption of milk containing organochlorine pesticides poses no direct threat to human health, because daily intake (DI) for all compounds were below the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Attention should be paid to the exposure of consumers to pesticide residues from other dairy foods.     

Occupational Safety and Health Status of Sanitation Workers in Urban Areas: A Pilot Study From Wuhan,China

Sanitation workers ‘ workload increases quickly with rapid urbanization, but there is almost no evidence or policy recommendations for their management in developing countries. This study describes the health status and occupational protection of sanitation workers; it also explores risk factors related to their health status in Wuhan City, China. Three hundred and eighty-five sanitation workers from 54 streets of Wuhan were surveyed. Their prevalence of 2-week illness and arthritis was relatively higher than in the general population in China. Findings related to occupational protection showed that both sanitation workers (users) and their managers (providers) neglected the role of low-cost protection measures, especially masks, soap/hand sani-tizer and prejob training (use rate of 7.27%, 26.75% and 43.64%, respectively). High-intensity workload was an important risk factor for 2-week illness, and prejob training was an important protective factor against arthritis.     

肺炎疫情期间医护人员心理危机干预效果分析

为提升医护人员心理健康水平,该文对肺炎疫情期间医护人员实施心理危机干预并分析其效果,以参与2020年1月25日-2月25日湖北省武汉市新冠肺炎疫情期间救治工作的300名医护人员作为研究对象,平均划分为实验组和对照组,其中针对实验组实施统一的心理危机干预训练,此期间对照组未参与训练但日常生活与实验组统一,选取四种量表分别对干预前后的两组实施测评。测评结果表明,干预后实验组的SCL-90各因子得分、SDS得分及SAS得分较干预前均下降明显,且下降幅度超过对照组;实验组干预后的GQOLI总得分与各维度得分均较干预前显著升高,且升高幅度高于对照组。综上,心理危机干预可显著提升医护人员的心理健康水平,缓解其心理紧张等症状,能够在一定程度上降低肺炎疫情期间医护人员的心理危机感。     

Assessing local climate action plans for public health co-benefits in environmental justice communities

Climate change presents a complex environmental health and justice challenge for the field of urban planning. To date, the majority of research focuses on measuring local climate efforts and evaluating the general efficacy of adopted climate action plans (CAPs). Cumulatively, these studies argue that socio-economic and demographic variables (such as the fiscal health of cities, city size, and median household income) are important factors in implementing climate policies. Less studied are issues of environmental justice and the impacts of climate change on population health. Through interviews with urban planners and a document analysis of CAPs, this study assesses how California cities with high levels of pollution and social vulnerability address climate change and public health. The findings of this study show that CAPs in these cities rarely analyse whether greenhouse gas reduction strategies will also yield health co-benefits, such as a reduction in the co-pollutants of climate change (i.e. ozone, particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides). In many instances, the net co-benefits of health are not monetised, quantified, or even identified by local governments. In California's most impacted cities, climate planning activities and work on public health are happening in a parallel manner rather than through an integrated approach. The results suggest a need for increased opportunities for interagency coordination and staff training to conduct health analyses, free and easily accessible tools, methods for prioritising funding streams, and the development of partnerships with community-based organisations for linking climate planning with public health.     

Management challenges of urban biosolids: narratives around facility siting in rural Ontario

The emerging challenge of managing increasing volumes of urban sewage has resulted in municipalities pursuing sustainable ways to manage urban biosolids and their by-products. Using content analysis of public debates, and situating the debate within science, policy and facility siting literature, this study examines claims and counterclaims relating to the siting of a biosolid processing facility in rural Ontario. The equivocal evidence on the health and environmental effects of biosolids resulted in a heated “expert versus lay” debate. The study critically evaluates the importance of trust and the shifting role of scientific evidence in politicised settings, while making relevant policy recommendations.     

Explaining implementation deficits through multi-level governance in the EU's new member states: EU limits for arsenic in drinking water in Hungary

This paper uses a multi-level governance lens to explore a case of non-compliance with EU legislation in Hungary and expands historical institutionalist explanations of EU laggards. Despite adopting the European Union's (EU's) limit of 10 ppb arsenic in drinking water, parts of Hungary do not comply. To explain this deficit, the paper examines the match between discourse incorporated into policy and held by policy actors in Hungary. Multiple points of mismatch are found that influence implementation because of governance structures, adding specificity to explanations of ‘goodness of fit’ between EU and national policy.     

有机氯农药污染场地挖掘过程中污染物的分布及健康风险

分析了某污染场地挖掘过程中场地内及其周边空气中HCHs和DDTs的污染物分布特征;应用健康风险评价模型研究了挖掘场地附近居民区经呼吸暴露途径的致癌和非致癌风险.结果表明,挖掘区附近居民区空气中HCHs和DDTs呈现出明显的季节分布特征,秋冬季节浓度高,春夏季节浓度较低.ΣHCHs冬季浓度在5.65~133 ng·m-3之间,均值为28.6 ng·m-3;ΣDDTs冬季浓度在4.48~2 800 ng·m-3之间,均值为457.3 ng·m-3.ΣHCHs春季浓度在6.23~26.4 ng·m-3之间,均值为15.1 ng·m-3;ΣDDTs夏季浓度在3.17~8.1 ng·m-3之间,均值为6.1 ng·m-3,春夏季节施工可减少二次污染产生.居民区空气中HCHs和DDTs浓度与离地面高度呈显著负相关(P0.05,n=33).挖掘区附近成人居民经呼吸暴露产生的致癌风险及非致癌风险在可接受风险范围内,但挖掘过程对幼年居民产生一定的致癌及非致癌风险.因此,该类污染场地挖掘过程中应采取措施抑制挖掘区污染物向空气扩散,以降低风险.     

基于MonteCarlo模拟的土壤重金属综合风险评价与案例分析

基于不确定性理论,将Monte Carlo模拟计算应用到土壤重金属风险评价中,构建了生态风险和健康风险的随机不确定模型,结合多元统计方法进行实例研究.结果表明,研究区土壤Cd、Co和Cr污染水平较高,主要富集在建矿时间较长的工业园区;综合单因子指数和综合风险因子指数评价显示土壤重金属主要为轻度污染(相应概率分别为53.2%和55.6%);手-口摄入是研究区土壤重金属暴露的主要途径,Cr为主要致癌因子;儿童承担的健康风险较高,其非致癌风险指数分别为成人的5.0倍(手-口摄入途径)和8.2倍(皮肤暴露途径),两种暴露途径下其致癌风险指数均高于USEPA推荐的安全水平.     

Sometimes less is more: Directed coping with interpersonal stressors at work

Within the coping literature, researchers have long been interested in identifying ways in which individuals can improve their coping efforts, making them more effective and thereby reducing the harmful effects of stressful encounters. Although Lazarus and Folkman's transactional model has greatly advanced understanding of the coping process, there continues to be methodological and conceptual challenges that have hindered understanding of the mechanisms behind effective coping. Addressing these issues in the use of a novel approach of analyzing variation in coping (i.e., directed coping) at both the coping event and person coping levels, the current study examined the process of coping with work stress and the beneficial coping outcomes associated with using a directed coping strategy. A total of 143 nurses completed up to 12 weekly surveys online, reporting on weekly stressful interpersonal conflicts and how they coped with them. Results from multilevel analyses supported predictions that greater directed coping at both the level of the coping event and person is associated with improvements in occupational health outcomes even after controlling for other coping factors. Implications of these results are discussed in relation to future research on coping effectiveness and workplace applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.