Changes in major factors affecting the ecosystem health of the Weihe River in Shaanxi Province, China

Maintenance of the ecosystem health of a river is of great importance for local sustainable development. On the basis of both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the influence of natural variations and human activities on the ecosystem function of the Weihe River, the changes in major factors affecting its ecosystem health are deter- mined, which include： 1） Deficiency of environment flow： since the 1960s, the incoming stream flow shows an obvious decreasing tendency. Even in the low flow period, 80% of the water in the stream is impounded by dams for agriculture irrigation in the Baoji district. As a result, the water flow maintained in the stream for environmental use is very limited. 2） Deterioration of water quality： the concentrations of typical pollutants like Chemical Oxygen Demand （COD） and NH3-N are higher than their maximum values of the Chinese environmental quality standard. Very few fish species can survive in the River. 3） Deformation of water channels： the continuous channel sedimentation has resulted in the decrease in stream gradient, shrinkage of riverbed and the decline in the capability for flood discharge. 4） Loss of riparian vegetation： most riparian land has been occupied by urban construction activities, which have caused the loss of riparian vegetation and biodiversity and further weakened flood control and water purification functions.     

肠道微生物与环境健康关系的研究进展与展望

尽管肠道微生物群落在调节宿主多种生理功能的稳态以及抵抗环境污染物的毒性等方面至关重要,但是其在环境健康上的作用直到近几年才引起关注.本综述主要概述了环境污染物对肠道微生物的作用导致的健康效应的最新研究进展.发展迅速的高通量测序平台与合成生态学方法有助于快速确定肠道微生物组成,结合信息化综合分析方法可进一步探明肠道微生物...     

拉萨河流域重金属污染及健康风险评价

在分析拉萨河水体重金属污染现状以及水质理化参数的基础上,对重金属含量进行Pearson相关性分析,并运用水环境健康风险评价模型对其进行了健康风险的初步评价.结果表明Cd、Pb、Cu、Mn、Ni和Zn未超过我国生活饮用水卫生标准（GB 5749—2006）的限值,As和Fe严重超标.8种重金属含量与pH值间均不存在显著相关性,其中Zn、Ni与Pb污染存在一定的同源性,而Ni与Cd来源不同,As、Mn、Fe、Cu之间污染具有多源性.污染物通过皮肤接触途径所造成的危害要远小于饮水途径,致癌物风险比非致癌物高2—8个数量级.其中As对总风险贡献率为99.60%,成为主要的风险污染物.拉萨河水体中污染物引起的总健康风险高于EPA推荐的标准值,具有显著的风险,应引起环境监测和环境管理部门的关注.     

基于不同方法的水生态健康评估 ——以北京市典型水体为例

在北京选择密云水库、昆明湖、福海和北运河水系河流等9个典型水体,利用基于不同水生生物的多样性指数法和综合指数法开展水生态健康评价.结果表明,基于浮游植物和底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数所指示的水生态状况分别对应轻污染～中污染和中污染～重污染等级,而结合生境、水质和水生生物指标的两项综合指数反映出的水生...     

电生理技术在大气PM2.5污染健康风险管控中的应用

严峻的大气颗粒物污染导致的能见度下降和城镇灰色景观可能会阻碍居民压力恢复路径,损害居民身心健康。为研究大气PM_(2.5)污染对人体压力恢复的影响,基于压力恢复理论设计了一项生理心理学实验。随机招募127名被试(女性63名,男性64名),并随机分为6组(编号为G10、G30、G50、G100、G160和G260),每组被试在压力恢复阶段分别对应观看ρ(PM_(2.5))平均值分别为10,30,50,100,160和260μg/m~3的实景照片。结合压力自评量表和皮肤电、心电等电生理技术测量了被试观看不同环境ρ(PM_(2.5))实景照片时的压力恢复比例。结果显示,G10、G30、G50组被试的皮肤电水平、心率和心率变异性恢复比例约为40%～50%,50%～70%和60%～80%,G100、G160、G260组被试的皮肤电水平、心率和心率变异性恢复比例约为20%～40%,10%～40%和30%～50%,即观看ρ(PM_(2.5))低于50μg/m~3实景照片的被试在3 min内的压力恢复比例比观看ρ(PM_(2.5))高于100μg/m~3的实景照片的被试高20%以上。基于皮肤电的逐10 s压力恢复比例分析显示,2min内的清洁空气照片(G10、G30、G50组)暴露能使压力恢复至初始水平的60%左右,而暴露时间的增加可能会使被试产生疲劳和厌倦,从而导致压力恢复比例下降。指出,电生理技术是对自评量表测量的有力补充,能够客观、有效地测量压力水平变化,丰富了开展环境健康风险评估的手段,可为大气污染心理健康风险管控提供参考和借鉴。     

基于熵权物元模型的城市化地区河流健康评价分析——以湖州市区不同城市化水平下的河流为例

城市化下河流健康评价问题是当前人们关注的热点问题.本文针对城市化地区河流健康不断恶化的问题,选取了与其密切相关的生态水文过程的5个要素9个指标构建了河流健康评价指标体系,并运用熵权物元模型对湖州市区不同城市化水平下的河流健康状况进行了定量评价和动态分析.通过对1991、2001、2006年太湖流域湖州市区河流健康综合关联度的计算分析,得出了研究区河流健康状况朝着病态方向发展的趋势.同时发现河网发育系数变化率、绿地覆盖率和农林业产值增长率等限制因子对河流健康的影响不容忽视.而通过与多指标综合评价方法进行比较,表明熵权物元模型能有效克服权重判定的主观性以及河流健康概念的模糊性和各评价指标之间的不相容性问题,可为平原河网地区的河流健康提供一种新的评价方法.     

Distribution of Cu and Pb in particle size fractions of urban soils from different city zones of Nanjing, China

Soil samples from 4 defined city zones of Nanjing were randomly collected at 0-5 cm and 5-20 cm intervals and size fractions of soil particles were separated from undisturbed bulk soils by low energy dispersion procedure. The total contents of Cu and Pb in the different particle size fractions of the urban soils were analyzed by HNO3-HF-HClO4 digestion and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer determination. The total content of Cu and Pb in soil particle size fractions varied with their size and with city zones as well. Both the content and variation with the size fractions of Pb was bigger than of Cu supporting our previous finding that there was Pb pollution to different degrees in the urban soils although the two elements were generally enriched in clay-sized fraction. Contaminated Pb tended to be preferentially enriched in the size fraction of 2000-250 μm and clay-sized fraction. While the size fractions of the soils from newly developed and preserved area contained smaller amount of Cu and Pb, the partitioning of them in coarse and fine particle size fractions were insignificant compared to that from inner residence and commercial area. The very high Pb level over 150 mg/kg of the fine particle fractions from the soils of the inner city could be a cause of high blood Pb level reported of children from the city as acute exposure to Pb of fine particles of the urban soil might occur by soil ingestion and inhalation by young children. Thus, much attention should be paid to the partitioning of toxic metals in fine soil particles of the urban soils and countermeasures against high health risk of Pb exposure by soil ingestion and dust inhalation should be practiced against the health problem of blood Pb for young children from the cities.     

我国城市交通污染分析及其对策研究

随着城市化和城市交通机动化的加快，交通污染已成为城市乃至全球大气环境和声环境的主要污染源之一，并且这种趋势仍在继续发展。通过对城市交通污染产生原因的系统分析及对身体健康危害的分析，以成都市为例，提出了我国城市汽车尾气污染和噪声污染控制技术的发展方向，并探讨了减少交通污染的对策和建议。     

Risks Associated with Genetic Modification: – An Annotated Bibliography of Peer Reviewed Natural Science Publications

We present an annotated bibliography of peer reviewed scientific research highlighting the human health, animal welfare, and environmental risks associated with genetic modification. Risks associated with the expression of the transgenic material include concerns over resistance and non-target effects of crops expressing Bt toxins, consequences of herbicide use associated with genetically modified herbicide-tolerant plants, and transfer of gene expression from genetically modified crops through vertical and horizontal gene transfer. These risks are not connected to the technique of genetic modification as such, but would be present for any conventionally produced crops with the same heritable traits. In contrast, other risks are a direct consequence of the method used in gene manipulation. These come about because of the unstable nature of the transgene and vectors used to insert it, and because of unpredictable interactions between the transgene and the host genome. The debate over the release of genetically modified organisms is not merely a scientific one; it encompasses economics, law, ethics, and policy. Any discussion on these levels does, however, need to be informed by sound science. We hope that the scientific references provided here will provide a useful starting point for further debate.     

开发区生态系统健康研究--以苏州高新区为例

采用生态系统健康理论分析开发区生态环境问题具有较强的理论意义和现实意义。着重构建了开发区生态系统健康评价的指标体系和模糊评价模型，提出评价标准。并对苏州高新区生态系统健康进行评价。进而指出制约因子并提出相应的诊断方案，为其优化生态系统结构和完善系统功能提供科学依据。