Distribution of Cu and Pb in particle size fractions of urban soils from different city zones of Nanjing, China

Soil samples from 4 defined city zones of Nanjing were randomly collected at 0-5 cm and 5-20 cm intervals and size fractions of soil particles were separated from undisturbed bulk soils by low energy dispersion procedure. The total contents of Cu and Pb in the different particle size fractions of the urban soils were analyzed by HNO3-HF-HClO4 digestion and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer determination. The total content of Cu and Pb in soil particle size fractions varied with their size and with city zones as well. Both the content and variation with the size fractions of Pb was bigger than of Cu supporting our previous finding that there was Pb pollution to different degrees in the urban soils although the two elements were generally enriched in clay-sized fraction. Contaminated Pb tended to be preferentially enriched in the size fraction of 2000-250 μm and clay-sized fraction. While the size fractions of the soils from newly developed and preserved area contained smaller amount of Cu and Pb, the partitioning of them in coarse and fine particle size fractions were insignificant compared to that from inner residence and commercial area. The very high Pb level over 150 mg/kg of the fine particle fractions from the soils of the inner city could be a cause of high blood Pb level reported of children from the city as acute exposure to Pb of fine particles of the urban soil might occur by soil ingestion and inhalation by young children. Thus, much attention should be paid to the partitioning of toxic metals in fine soil particles of the urban soils and countermeasures against high health risk of Pb exposure by soil ingestion and dust inhalation should be practiced against the health problem of blood Pb for young children from the cities.     

常州饮用水源地挥发性有机物预警监控和健康风险评价研究

通过对2013年至2014年常州市魏村水厂和西石桥水厂饮用水源地水质自动监测站挥发性有机物在线分析仪的数据进行研究,并采用USEPA的暴露计算方法对常州市饮用水中挥发性有机物污染状况和健康风险进行了调查评价。结果表明,两个水源地所监测的挥发性有机物含量均符合生活饮用水标准,且整体年均非致癌和致癌风险均远低于USEPA推荐的限值,对人体危害微乎其微。而在最不利的情况下,两个饮用水源地水体非致癌和致癌风险均处在安全范围内。     

典型养殖型湖泊沉积物污染风险评价及来源解析

为了解典型养殖型湖泊沉积物污染特征以及污染来源,系统采集并测定了骆马湖养殖区和非养殖区沉积物营养盐与5种重金属元素（Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb和Cr）含量.分析了骆马湖沉积物污染物的空间分布特征和垂向分布特征,基于潜在生态危害指数法和健康风险评价模型对沉积物重金属生态健康风险进行评价,并通过Pearson相关性分析与主成分分析（PCA）进行污染物来源解析.结果表明：骆马湖沉积物整体污染严重,由于圈圩和围网养殖阻碍了水体连通性,养殖区营养盐空间分布不均,重金属在入湖口附近含量更高.同时大量投放的鱼类、营养物质和含重金属杀菌剂等对湖泊生态系统和环境造成了一定破坏.圈圩区沉积物营养盐和重金属在垂向上无明显的线性累积,但非养殖区沉积物污染程度随深度变浅而增加趋势明显.骆马湖沉积物重金属整体呈重度生态风险,其中Hg的生态风险最高.除了Cr对儿童健康具有非致癌风险,其他重金属尚未对人体健康构成致癌和非致癌风险.总体而言,骆马湖沉积物中重金属如Zn、Pb、Hg和总磷以入湖客水与骆马湖沿岸旅游业、工业及农业开发等外源输入为主;总氮和总有机碳主要受养殖和水生植物等内源影响;基于污染来源解析结果,建议对骆马湖...     

我国城市交通污染分析及其对策研究

随着城市化和城市交通机动化的加快，交通污染已成为城市乃至全球大气环境和声环境的主要污染源之一，并且这种趋势仍在继续发展。通过对城市交通污染产生原因的系统分析及对身体健康危害的分析，以成都市为例，提出了我国城市汽车尾气污染和噪声污染控制技术的发展方向，并探讨了减少交通污染的对策和建议。     

中国道路交通源大气污染的健康影响评估

随着经济的发展,我国机动化进程加快,机动车尾气排放已经成为城市空气污染的重要来源。对特定污染源排放引起的大气污染健康负担进行评估可以为环境空气质量管理提供科学依据。本研究遵循全球疾病负担(GBD)研究框架,应用环境空气质量模型,基于大气污染源排放清单、卫星反演PM_(2.5)浓度、全国PM_(2.5)导致的过早死亡等数据,对我国交通源所致的大气污染及健康负担进行评估。结果显示,2010年,我国由于交通源排放贡献的PM_(2.5)的年平均浓度为1.49μg/m~3,估计导致的过早死亡总数约11.69万人。交通源排放所致的健康负担主要集中在京津冀、长三角、珠三角以及中西部等经济发达和人口密集的地区。我国一方面需要实施更为严格的减排措施,持续控制交通源的排放量;另一方面,除了京津冀等发达区域,也需要加强对人口密集区域(如河南、山东等地)的机动车污染控制,以减少交通大气污染对人体健康的影响。     

Risks Associated with Genetic Modification: – An Annotated Bibliography of Peer Reviewed Natural Science Publications

We present an annotated bibliography of peer reviewed scientific research highlighting the human health, animal welfare, and environmental risks associated with genetic modification. Risks associated with the expression of the transgenic material include concerns over resistance and non-target effects of crops expressing Bt toxins, consequences of herbicide use associated with genetically modified herbicide-tolerant plants, and transfer of gene expression from genetically modified crops through vertical and horizontal gene transfer. These risks are not connected to the technique of genetic modification as such, but would be present for any conventionally produced crops with the same heritable traits. In contrast, other risks are a direct consequence of the method used in gene manipulation. These come about because of the unstable nature of the transgene and vectors used to insert it, and because of unpredictable interactions between the transgene and the host genome. The debate over the release of genetically modified organisms is not merely a scientific one; it encompasses economics, law, ethics, and policy. Any discussion on these levels does, however, need to be informed by sound science. We hope that the scientific references provided here will provide a useful starting point for further debate.     

开发区生态系统健康研究--以苏州高新区为例

采用生态系统健康理论分析开发区生态环境问题具有较强的理论意义和现实意义。着重构建了开发区生态系统健康评价的指标体系和模糊评价模型，提出评价标准。并对苏州高新区生态系统健康进行评价。进而指出制约因子并提出相应的诊断方案，为其优化生态系统结构和完善系统功能提供科学依据。     

崂山风景区土壤重金属元素环境容量的计算

崂山在青岛土壤重金属的综合污染指数排序中位于第2位，重金属污染问题比较突出。通过计算崂山风景区土壤重金属元素的静态容量和动态容量，对二者进行了比较。重金属元素环境容量的计算，可以为了解土壤承载力，实现污染物容量总量控制等提供科学依据。     

开封市幼儿园地表灰尘重金属积累及健康风险

在开封市采集31个幼儿园的地表灰尘样品,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法(F-AAS)分别测定其＞0.25 mm、0.25～0.15 mm、＜0.15 mm和多粒级混合样品的Pb、Zn、Cr、Cu和Ni含量,应用EF法和HI法探讨了灰尘重金属富集特征和针对幼儿的健康风险.结果表明:灰尘Pb、Zn、Ni、Cu和Cr平均含量分别为...     

乌鲁木齐市大气颗粒物中重金属的污染特征及风险水平评价

为了解乌鲁木齐市新疆农业大学大气颗粒物（TSP、PM₁₀、PM₅、PM_2.5）中Cu、Mn、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd 6种重金属元素的分布特征及其经呼吸摄入方式带来的健康风险,采用崂应2050型大气综合采样器于2018年春季、夏季、秋季、冬季分别进行样品采集,使用TAS-990原子吸收分光光度计测定颗粒物中的重金属元素.结果表明:①新疆农业大学2018年四季ρ（TSP）、ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（PM₅）、ρ（PM_2.5）范围分别为93.17~257.14、70.57~202.29、57.58~147.96、48.71~147.46 μg/m3.②各季节重金属平均质量浓度在不同大气颗粒物中均呈ρ（Zn）> ρ（Cu）> ρ（Pb）> ρ（Cr）> ρ（Mn）> ρ（Cd）的趋势.③不同大气颗粒物中重金属非致癌总风险均呈儿童高于成人的特点,HI（非致癌风险总值）均小于限值（1）,Cd、Cr经呼吸途径产生的ILCR（终身增量致癌风险）为3.07×10-6~2.36×10-5.④I_geo（地累积指数）结果表明,大气颗粒物中Mn的I_geo平均值为-2.43,表现为无污染;Cr的I_geo平均值为0.78,表现为无-中污染;Cu和Pb的I_geo平均值分别为4.53、4.33,表现为重-极重污染;Zn和Cd的I_geo平均值分别为5.68、7.18,表现为极重污染.研究显示,新疆农业大学大气颗粒物中Cd、Cr对人体无致癌风险,但Zn与Cd的污染较重,应及时对乌鲁木齐市实施相应管控措施.