土壤污染的生物修复技术及其研究进展

近年来土壤污染呈现加重的趋势,有关污染土壤的修复研究正日益受到重视.生物修复技术是一项用于污染土壤治理的新技术.介绍了污染土壤生物修复技术,综述了近年来国内外土壤生物修复技术的研究和应用现状,并评述了土壤生物修复技术存在的问题以及污染土壤生物修复的发展方向.     

关于As和Hg在环境中的形态及其监测分析

叙述了水中重金属形态分析的含义及形态分析工作进展情况,并以Hg、As在环境中的存在形态、动态变化及其监测分析为例,说明随着新仪器的开发研制及前处理技术的发展,现代化的分离技术和检测手段相结合已成为重金属形态分析的主要方法.     

Mercury budget estimates for the State of New York

The development of two comprehensive modelling systems and a test application to estimate the mercury budget for the State of New York is discussed in the present study. The modelling tools developed are based on two well known meteorological modelling systems namely, RAMS and SKIRON/Eta. Both models have been modified and the developed modules describing the physico-chemical processes of mercury have been incorporated in each modelling system. Model calculations and measurements have been compared during the 14 to 26 August 1997 simulation period. Two different simulations were performed, scenario1 where all available sources of mercury were used and scenario2 where the New York State mercury sources were excluded. An attempt was made to identify and quantify critical gaps in the current understanding of regional scale transport deposition and fate of mercury in New York State, improving modelling capabilities and understanding of mercury as an air pollutant, and provide a tool for policy makers in mitigating the impacts of mercury pollution.     

改性绿茶对汞的吸附研究——汞的形态分析

试验了用改性绿茶分离，冷原子吸收光谱法测定无机汞，烷基汞和苯基汞的条件。在ｐＨ５的溶液中吸附无机汞，与有机汞分离；在ｐＨ１的溶液中吸附有机汞，然后分别以１．５，３．０和６．０ｍｏｌ·１＾－１盐酸解吸无机汞，烷基汞和苯基汞，用冷原子吸收光谱法测定汞，探讨了吸附机理，分析了牡蛎和水样中汞的形态。     

Bronchial contamination with toxic metals in mineral-based industrial areas of India

Selected toxic metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Co, Cd, Ni and Mn) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 55 samples of bronchial washouts obtained from patients with respiratory ailments. These subjects either worked or lived in industrial locations which have mineral-based industries such as steel plants, thermal power plants, cement plants, limestone mines and iron ore mines. Half of the samples analysed were from the plant workers and the other half from the non-workers living in the respective industrial areas. Samples from subjects living outside the industrial areas were also collected and analysed. The highest occurrence of toxic metals was found in the subjects living in the steel plant area. The occurrence was of the order: steel plant > thermal power plant > cement plant > iron ore mines > limestone mines > non industrial areas. Plant workers showed a higher presence of metals in their respiratory tracts compared to the non-workers in each industrial area. Higher depositions were noticed in areas of coal-fired industries compared to non-coal-fired industries. Zn, Cu and Pb were more likely to reach the respiratory tracts. The occurrences were found to increase with the age of the subjects. A slightly higher susceptibility to bronchial contamination was noticed in females.To whom correspondence should be addressed.     

Epidemiological investigation on mercury contamination in gold mining and its effect on health

Ｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ,ｍｅｒｃｕｒｙｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎ ｐａｉｄ ｇｒｅａｔａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｔｏｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ(Ｚｉｌｌｏｕｘ ,1993;Ｍｏｎａｍｙ ,1993;Ｇｕａｎ ,1994;Ｙａｎｇ ,1992 ;Ｌｉ,1993;1994;ＳＣＯＰＥ ,1994) .ＴｈｅｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌｆｏｃｕｓｉｓｔｏｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅＨｇｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｔｈｅｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄｔｈｅｈｕｍａｎ’ｓｈｅａｌｔｈ .Ｉｔｉｓｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｆｒｏｍ“ｍｉ…     

长江口区河蚬体内的重金属含量及其污染评价

以长江河口湿地生态系统一种习见的大型底栖动物河蚬Corbicula flumunea为研究对象，分析和评价了河蚬对Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd和Cr的积累特性以及长江口区河蚬的生物质量现状．结果表明，河蚬体内Zn和Cu的含量显著高于Cd、Cr和Pb的含量，且Zn和Cu含量之间呈显著的正相关关系．根据河蚬积累的重金属总量，本研究的6个样点中，九段沙上沙和横沙岛东滩的河蚬受重金属污染相对更为严重．与海洋贝类的生物质量标准相比，河蚬体内的重金属含量基本上都还没有超过各自的第二和第三类评价标准，这说明当前长江口区河蚬的生物质量总体上尚较好．图3表4参19     

臭椿治理铜污染土壤的实验测定

臭椿（Ailanthus altissima）具有很强的抗逆性，能适应多种不良的环境，在中国广泛分布，是一个很有潜力的修复铜污染土壤的物种。通过种植实验检验臭椿修复铜污染土壤的能力。臭椿实生苗移植于4种不同铜的质量分数（0、29、57和86 mg·kg-1）、3种不同的施肥处理（对照、有机肥、无机肥）的土壤，经过5周种植，测量臭椿根、茎、叶的铜含量及各部分生物量。试验结果表明：1）土壤铜浓度的差异对臭椿生长没有显著影响；2）土壤施肥处理显著影响臭椿生长，施加无机肥生长最佳，对照次之，施有机肥最低；3）随土壤铜浓度增加，臭椿根、茎、叶的铜含量增加，然后趋缓，但似乎根、茎、叶的铜含量变化不同步；4）土壤肥力对臭椿茎、叶的铜含量没有显著影响，但对根的铜含量影响显著，施加无机肥的根中铜含量显著增加。臭椿经过短短5周处理，其体内铜的质量分数就到达120μg·g-1，且铜在各组织中的分布比为根：茎：叶＝2?1?2。相比一些超富集铜的草本植物，臭椿的铜吸收能力尚有距离，但其高生长、高抗逆性、深根系的特点，加之其对其他众多重金属元素的吸收能力使得这个物种在生物修复污染土壤方面的作用不容小觑。本研究丰富了治理土壤重金属污染的物种库，为进一步寻找重金属“超富集植物”，更有效的治理土壤污染提供一定的参考价值。     

Examining Source-Receptor Relationships for Mercury in Scandinavia Modelled and Empirical Evidence

The atmosphere remains the major source of mercuryin Swedish ecosystems. Since the late eighties,atmospheric emissions of mercury have drasticallydecreased in Europe. Wet deposition of mercury hasdecreased over the last decade but still exhibitsa clear south-to-north gradient, greatlyinfluenced by source areas in northern and centralEurope. The decreases in emissions can beattributed to both direct measures to close knownpoint sources and a declining economy and energyconsumption in many East European countries.Further reductions of mercury emissions willrequire that other source categories such asindirect emissions from mercury-containingproducts and crematories are be considered.