Relationship between the loading rate of inorganic mercury to aquatic ecosystems and dissolved gaseous mercury production and evasion

The purpose of our study was to test the hypothesis that dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) production and evasion is directly proportional to the loading rate of inorganic mercury [Hg(II)] to aquatic ecosystems. We simulated different rates of atmospheric mercury deposition in 10-m diameter mesocosms in a boreal lake by adding multiple additions of Hg(II) enriched with a stable mercury isotope (²⁰²Hg). We measured DGM concentrations in surface waters and estimated evasion rates using the thin-film gas exchange model and mass transfer coefficients derived from sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) additions. The additions of Hg(II) stimulated DGM production, indicating that newly added Hg(II) was highly reactive. Concentrations of DGM derived from the experimental Hg(II) additions (“spike DGM”) were directly proportional to the rate of Hg(II) loading to the mesocosms. Spike DGM concentrations averaged 0.15, 0.48 and 0.94 ng l⁻¹ in mesocosms loaded at 7.1, 14.2, and 35.5 μg Hg m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively. The evasion rates of spike DGM from these mesocosms averaged 4.2, 17.2, and 22.3 ng m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively. The percentage of Hg(II) added to the mesocosms that was lost to the atmosphere was substantial (33–59% over 8 weeks) and was unrelated to the rate of Hg(II) loading. We conclude that changes in atmospheric mercury deposition to aquatic ecosystems will not change the relative proportion of mercury recycled to the atmosphere.     

萃取-乙基化结合GC-CVAFS法测定沉积物及土壤中的甲基汞

采用硝酸和硫酸铜溶液浸提,CH2Cl2萃取并结合水相乙基化GC CVAFS的方法测定沉积物及土壤中的甲基汞。该方法平均回收率97.8%,相对标准偏差≤10.2%,方法检出限为0.6pg/g,具有所需试剂少,不用连续萃取,简捷易行,回收率高以及精密度好等特点。     

汾河流域浅层地下水水化学和氢氧稳定同位素特征及其指示意义

汾河流域是黄河的第二大支流,本文利用Piper三线图、Gibbs模型、主成分分析法、相关矩阵和正向演替模型等方法,分析了汾河流域浅层地下水的水化学和氢氧稳定同位素分布特征及其控制因素,揭示了流域水循环及水质演化过程.结果表明,汾河流域地下水属弱碱性和微硬水;优势阴阳离子分别为HCO₃^-和Ca²⁺;地下水水化学类型以Mg-Ca-HCO₃和Mg-Ca-Cl-SO₄为主,水质整体较好,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水占比超94%.地下水δD和δ¹⁸O平均值分别为-70.2‰和-9.6‰,与7~9月降水同位素值相似,指示地下水可能主要来源于该时期的降水,并发现地下水补给方式（优势流和活塞流）存在一定的空间变化.岩石风化是地下水溶质的主要来源（87%）,而大气输入和人类活动相对较小,分别占8%和5%.在岩石风化中,硅酸盐岩、蒸发盐岩和碳酸盐岩对地下水溶质的贡献相当,分别占32%、28%和26%.本研究结果可为促进可持续开发利用汾河流域地下水资源提供依据.     

汞矿区周边土壤重金属空间分布特征、污染与生态风险评价

为探明汞矿开采对周边土壤环境及人体健康的影响,在重庆市酉阳县某汞矿聚集区周边采集表层土壤组合样42件,分析了土壤中重金属（Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni）的含量及pH,对土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征、污染程度和生态风险进行了研究.结果显示,研究区土壤重金属表层富集明显,参照《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》（GB15618-2018）发现,土壤Cd、Hg、Pb、As和Zn存在不同程度的超标现象.土壤存在一定程度的污染和生态风险,土壤重金属中度-重度污染和强生态风险区均分布在矿点周围,说明矿业活动对土壤环境的影响.土壤Cr、Cu和Ni含量可能受到母岩的风化和成土作用的影响,土壤Hg、Pb和Zn可能受到矿产开采等人为活动的影响,土壤Cd和As同时受到地质背景和人为活动的影响.重金属对成人的健康影响较小,对儿童造成健康风险的概率较大,土壤As是造成人体健康风险的主要贡献因子,8种重金属均以经口摄入途径的贡献率最高.汞矿的开采是造成研究区土壤污染及生态风险的主要原因.     

农田土壤中汞的吸附分配行为研究

汞是环境中毒性最强的重金属之一,由于具有持久性、长距离迁移性和生物累积性被列为全球性污染物。土壤是汞重要的源和汇,在汞的生物地球化学循环中发挥关键作用,其理化性质可以显著影响汞的吸附分配行为。本文基于采自全国各地的131份农业土壤样品考察了汞(Hg2+)在土壤中的吸附分配行为,测定了Hg2+的固液分配系数(Kd),并探讨其与p H、有机质(OM)、粒度组成、溶解性有机质(DOM)和总硫等土壤理化性质的关系。利用逐步多元线性回归的方法分析发现旱地土壤对汞Kd的主要影响因素是DOM和土壤粒度,而水田的主要影响因素是总硫。通过淹水实验,进一步探究了土壤氧化还原对Hg2+分配的影响。研究发现,旱地土壤中,大部分土壤在淹水30 d后Kd呈明显增大趋势,继续淹水至60 d的Kd表现为稳定或下降的趋势;大部分水田土壤在淹水条件下Kd未表现出增大的趋势,且随淹水时间呈稳定或下降的趋势。     

锰铁复合磁性材料制备及其对零价汞吸附性能研究

燃煤工业是我国人为汞排放的主要来源,寻求合理有效的途径来控制汞排放至关重要.本文将氧化性强的过渡金属锰离子引入Mn/γ-Fe₂O₃晶格中,制备出锰铁复合磁性材料（Fe_3-xMn_x）_1-δO₄,以其来模拟Hg⁰在燃煤废气中的吸附过程,并通过比表面积和孔隙率、X衍射分析、SEM、磁性分析、氧化还原等材料表征方法研究（Fe_3-xMn_x）_1-δO₄的吸附性能,同时重点研究（Fe_3-xMn_x）_1-δO₄在不同掺杂量、温度、空速等操作条件下对Hg⁰的吸附能力.结果显示,制备所得的（Fe_3-xMn_x）_1-δO₄的比表面积均在120 m²·g^-1以上,较大的比表面积和孔体积可以为Hg⁰的吸附反应提供更多的活性区域,促进反应进行.SEM表征也显示（Fe_3-xMn_x）_1-δO₄的微观特征呈现球状颗粒物,拥有较大的表面积,能够提供更多的吸附活性位.在磁性铁氧化物中引入过渡金属锰,其对汞的氧化能力明显增强;在100~200℃的反应温度窗口,此时温度大小与（Fe_3-xMn_x）_1-δO₄对汞的吸附能力成正比,达到200℃时,500 min内平均穿透率可达到9%;空速对（Fe_3-xMn_x）_1-δO₄吸附汞的能力影响较小.     

痕量汞的分析现状

本文系统地综述了自1975年以来分光光度法、催化法、电极溶出伏安法、冷原子吸收和荧光法以及其它方法分析痕量汞的发展状况,并对稀浓度汞标液的保存方法作了介绍。     

PRESERVATION OF SAMPLES FOR DISSOLVED MERCURY1

ABSTRACT: Water samples for dissolved mercury require special treatment because of the high chemical mobility and volatility of this element. Widespread use of mercury and its compounds has provided many avenues for contamination of water. Two laboratory tests were done to determine the relative permeabilities of glass and plastic sample bottles to mercury vapor. Plastic containers were confirmed to be quite permeable to airborne mercury, glass containers were virtually impermeable. Methods of preservation include the use of various combinations of acids, oxidants, and complexing agents. The combination of nitric acid and potassium dichromate successfully preserved mercury in a large variety of concentrations and dissolved forms. Because this acid-oxidant preservative acts as a sink for airborne mercury and plastic containers are permeable to mercury vapor, glass bottles are preferred for sample collection. To maintain a healthy work environment and minimize the potential for contamination of water samples, mercury and its compounds are isolated from the atmosphere while in storage. Concurrently, a program to monitor environmental levels of mercury vapor in areas of potential contamination is needed to define the extent of mercury contamination and to assess the effectiveness of mercury clean-up procedures.     

Tropical Coastal Organisms as Qualitative Indicators of Mercury and Organomercury for Sustainable Use of Living Resources

Organisms sensitive to ambient environment are used as bioindicators in monitoring pollution. The present investigation is designed to measure the extent of mercury and organomercury levels in selective biota of different trophic levels inhabiting in the coastal environment of Sunderban Biosphere Reserve, eastern part of India. The primary objective of this work is to provide baseline data for future environmental quality programme and to ascertain the suitability of these organisms to be used as bioindicator species of pollution. The seagrass (Porterasia coarctata), macrobenthos (polychaetes, gastropods and bivalve molluscs) and pelagic finfishes were collected from sites of different physiochemical characteristics. Concentration of total mercury was determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique (CVAAS) using a Perkin-Elmer 2380 AAS equipped with MHS 10.Both mercury and organomercury levels showed considerable interspecific and regional variations which reflected the feeding strategy of these animals and also the location of stations. The bivalve molluscs showed a high degree of organ-specificity in accumulation which might be attributed to the ion exchange activity of mucous membrane covering gill and mantle. Mercury levels in various compartments did not reveal any regular temporal variations but showed a slight increase in the late monsoon months indicating the apparent influence of river run-off and reduction in salinity in the ambient medium. A continuous monitoring programme is recommended in order to clarify the present trend and to establish the studied organisms as indicator species.     

锌冶炼烟尘中铅汞分布及形态研究

锌精矿脱硫焙烧烟气降温过程中,烟尘的性质及其中铅汞存在形态的变化规律是冶炼烟气重金属(Pb和Hg)污染控制的重要依据。通过电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)、激光粒度分析及筛分分析了不同降温收尘环节烟尘元素成分及粒度变化。烟尘主要含Zn、Fe、Ca、Cd、S、Pb元素,其累积质量分数达69.90%~77.62%,而Hg含量较低。烟尘粒径随烟气温度降低呈先增大后减小的变化规律,中位径由沸腾焙烧炉排出的28μm升至经余热锅炉降温后的36μm,再逐级降至经电收尘器后的5.6μm。据此,重点分析了Pb和Hg在烟气中的分布,并借助X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了其存在形态。结果表明,随烟气温度降低,烟气中Pb和Hg含量呈上升趋势,Pb由2.8%增至9.2%,Hg由4.8μg/g增至109.1μg/g。不同工艺环节的烟尘中Pb均以PbSO_4和含Pb—O键的复杂Pb配合物的形式存在。Hg变化较为明显,仅沸腾焙烧炉烟尘样品中能够检测到HgS与HgSO_4,其余工艺环节烟尘样品中无含Hg化合物的特征峰。