燃煤烟气污染物控制装置协同脱汞特性研究

采用Ontario Hydro方法对某100MW燃煤机组进行了烟气汞取样测试,获得了选择性催化还原（SCR）脱硝装置、静电除尘器（ESP）和湿法烟气脱硫装置（WFGD）对烟气汞形态转化和脱除特性规律.借助程序升温脱附（TPD）、扫描电子显微镜分析（SEM）和X射线荧光光谱分析（XRF）等方法探究了飞灰对汞的吸附特性及吸附后汞的热稳定性.结果表明,在75% MCR和85% MCR不同的机组负荷下,SCR+ESP+WFGD对烟气总汞（Hg^T）的联合脱除率分别为92.83%、81.66%.SCR对元素汞（Hg⁰）的氧化率与燃煤氯（Cl）含量正相关,Cl含量为500mg/kg时,氧化率高达96.18%.ESP在完全脱除颗粒汞（Hg^P）的同时对Hg⁰和氧化态汞（Hg²⁺）的平均脱除率分别为12.73%和27.79%,ESP飞灰中的未燃尽炭和金属氧化物（Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃）是吸附气态汞的关键组分,汞在飞灰表面主要以HgCl₂、HgS（红色）和HgO的形态存在,高于190℃时会分解再释放.WFGD对Hg²⁺的平均脱除率为91.10%,并能将部分Hg²⁺还原成Hg⁰,存在明显的汞二次释放问题.     

蓄水对水库下游食物网中汞生物累积影响研究进展

1991年,加拿大学者Verdon首次报道了加拿大拉格朗德二级水库下游鱼体中汞含量显著高于水库库区的现象,发现水库下游是新建水库汞输出的重要场所,因此水库下游鱼类汞升高的风险继水库本身后成为新的关注热点.通过对相关野外研究的回顾,表明蓄水对水库下游食物网的鱼类、浮游生物以及水体中汞的富集产生影响,水生食物网中各组分甲基汞含量和比例随着营养级的升高而增加.蓄水加速了水库的甲基化过程,使水库自身成为巨大的汞源,不仅影响水库自身食物网中汞的分布,而且更加剧烈地影响水库下游食物网中汞的分布.水库既向下游直接输送溶解态和悬浮颗粒态的甲基汞,又向下游输送丰富的、可被杂食性鱼类和动物直接利用和吸食的甲基汞食物源.在下游食物网中,甲基汞有可能通过微型浮游生物网（悬浮颗粒物-浮游植物-浮游动物经典食物链）,或者通过杂食性鱼类主动摄食来自水库直接输送的浮游动物,或者通过杂食性鱼类被动吸食来自水库直接输送的悬浮颗粒物富集途径,向位于更高营养级位置的鱼类进行传递.在我国,水库蓄水对下游汞输送机制以及对下游微型、底层食物网中生物累积和迁移转化的影响需要更加深入的定量研究.      

陕北黄土高原239+240Pu大气湿沉降历史重建

重建Pu同位素的大气沉降历史是开展Pu示踪应用以及核事故安全评价的重要基础。本研究根据东京年降水量和^239+240Pu年大气沉降数据,并结合经验模型对陕北黄土高原^239+240Pu年湿沉降通量进行初探。结果表明,1957~2005年间研究区^239+240Pu年湿沉降通量在0.000 2~4.116 7 Bq/m²之间,累计湿沉降通量为14.08 Bq/m²;通过与周边土壤剖面的Pu总量对比发现陕北黄土高原Pu同位素的干湿沉降比为1左右。在时间变化上,上世纪60年代初全球大规模核试验导致研究区1963年^239+240Pu湿沉降通量出现峰值,1964~2000年Pu湿沉降通量呈明显减小趋势,2001~2005年亚洲粉尘的地表再悬浮过程使得^239+240Pu年湿沉降通量有所增加。     

典型岩溶槽谷区土壤水δD和δ18O时空分布特征:以重庆市中梁山岩溶槽谷为例

为了揭示岩溶槽谷区土壤水氢氧同位素的时空分布特征,以重庆市北碚区中梁山为研究基地,于2017年5月和2017年9月收集降水及3种不同土地利用方式(耕地、草地和林地)不同深度的土壤水,利用稳定同位素技术研究不同土地利用方式下0~15 cm、15~45 cm土壤剖面的土壤水氢氧同位素时空变化特征.结果表明:(1)土壤水δD和δ~(18)O的平均值分别为-50.0‰±33.6‰和-7.9‰±4.3‰,其值均在大气降水线(LMWL)周围,说明降水是该区土壤水的主要补给来源;(2)土壤水δD和δ~(18)O具有明显的季节变化,5月(土壤水δD和δ~(18)O的平均值-19.4‰±6.8‰和-4.1‰±1.0‰)9月(土壤水δD和δ~(18)O的平均值-82.2‰±14.0‰和-11.9‰±2.2‰);(3)土壤水δD和δ~(18)O在不同土地利用方式下没有表现出明显差异;(4)土壤水δD和δ~(18)O随土壤深度呈梯度变化,5月耕地、草地和林地土壤水稳定同位素以垂直递减趋势为主,9月耕地和林地以递增趋势为主,草地以递减的趋势为主.     

Mercury bioaccumulation in aquatic biota along a salinity gradient in the Saint John River estuary

Although estuaries are critical habitats for many aquatic species, the spatial trends of toxic methylmercury(MeHg) in biota from fresh to marine waters are poorly understood. Our objective was to determine if MeHg concentrations in biota changed along a salinity gradient in an estuary. Fourspine Stickleback(Apeltes quadracus), invertebrates(snails,amphipods, and chironomids), sediments, and water were collected from ten sites along the Saint John River estuary, New Brunswick, Canada in 2015 and 2016, with salinities ranging from 0.06 to 6.96. Total mercury(proxy for MeHg) was measured in whole fish and MeHg was measured in a subset of fish, pooled invertebrates, sediments, and water. Stable sulfur(δ~(34)S), carbon(δ~(13) C), and nitrogen(δ~(15)N) isotope values were measured to assess energy sources(S, C) and relative trophic level(N). There were increases in biotic δ~(13)C and δ~(34)S from fresh to more saline sites and these measures were correlated with salinity.Though aqueous MeHg was higher at the freshwater than more saline sites, only chironomid MeHg increased significantly with salinity. In the Saint John River estuary, there was little evidence that MeHg and its associated risks increased along a salinity gradient.     

煤中汞在燃煤电站中的形态转化

论述了汞在煤中的存在形态以及在电站燃煤过程中汞的形态转化过程和汞在大气中的传播。     

中国大米汞含量研究

从中国9个省、市或地区的市场采集了303个大米样品,测定了其总汞和甲基汞的含量,评估了我国居民食用大米导致汞暴露的健康风险。大米总汞采用混合酸消解后CVAFS测定,甲基汞采用萃取-反萃取-水相乙基化结合GC-CVAFS测定。结果显示：各地区大米总汞的平均含量为3.6～17μg·kg-1,低于我国食品汞限量标准20μg·...     

原子荧光法测定水中汞的质量控制指标研究

研究了原子荧光法测定水中汞的质量控制指标,提出精密度和准确度质量控制指标,具有广泛指导意义。全国东、西、中部共16个省份的62家实验室参加测定工作。研究结果为：标准样品浓度为5．0～15．Oμg／L时,RSD≤5．0％,RSD’≤10．0％,RE≤±10．0％;实际样品浓度为0．005—6μg／L时,RD≤20．0％;空白加标回收率80％-110％,标准样品和实际样品加标的回收率90％～110％。     

Fish consumption in pregnancy, cord blood mercury level and cognitive and psychomotor development of infants followed over the first three years of life: Krakow epidemiologic study

BACKGROUND: Although the maternal fish consumption is supposed to have beneficial effects on development of infants, it may be harmful for child cognitive development since fish is a common source of methylmercury. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Purpose of the study was to describe the usual pattern of fish consumption during pregnancy in Poland and explain the variability of prenatal mercury exposure due to fish intake by mothers. The other endpoint of the study was the assessment of the cognitive and psychomotor development of infants related to prenatal mercury exposure over the 3-year follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study sample consisted of 374 infants born at 33-42 weeks of gestation between January 2001 and March 2003 to mothers attending ambulatory prenatal clinics in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Total mercury level in whole cord blood was measured and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II) was used to assess the mental (MDI) and psychomotor developmental index (PDI) in children at 12, 24 and 36 months of age. RESULTS: Self-reported weekly amount of fish consumption during the first two trimesters of pregnancy correlated positively with umbilical cord mercury concentrations (r(s)=0.22, p<0.0001). The corresponding correlation coefficient for the fish consumption in the third trimester of pregnancy was 0.21, p<0.0001. There was an inverse association between mercury exposure and both MDI (beta regression coeff.=-2.8, p=0.01) and PDI scores (beta coeff.=-2.3, p=0.04) at 12 months of age. Subsequent BSID-II testing at 24 and 36 months did not confirm significant association between exposure and cognitive or psychomotor function. The estimates of association between mercury prenatal exposure and the development of infants, which were based on the longitudinal analysis of all BSID-II measurements done in the follow-up (generalized estimating equations statistical model) showed that the performance deficit observed at 12 months of age was of border significance.     

火电厂脱汞技术综述

火电厂烟气汞污染已受到高度重视,已成为科研机构当前重点研究内容之一。结合汞的形态特性,从煤燃烧前、燃烧中和燃烧后三方面综述了火电厂烟气脱汞技术最新进展。