巢湖杭埠-丰乐河汞的污染特征及生态风险

通过对水样、沉积物和背角无齿蚌中汞含量的测定,研究杭埠-丰乐河汞的污染特征,并利用单项污染指数法、地累积指数法评估了汞的生态风险.结果表明：水样总汞的浓度为0.04～0.20μg/L（均值为0.10μg/L）,H5、H9、F2、S4和S5处水样中汞含量超过地表水Ⅲ类限值.沉积物中汞、甲基汞含量分别为29.13～251.49μg/kg（均值为65.42μg/kg）和0.22～3.31μg/kg（均值为0.68μg/kg）,H5、H9和F2处沉积物中汞为轻度污染,S4、S5为偏中度污染,工业排污是主要污染来源.背角无齿蚌中汞、甲基汞含量分别为101.34～171.15μg/kg（干重）和54.22～89.63μg/kg（干重）,均符合GB18406.4-2001中汞的限量要求.背角无齿蚌对汞和甲基汞均有明显的富集,其组织对汞的积累也具有明显选择性（浓度高低依次为：外套膜 > 内脏 > 腮和肌肉）.背角无齿蚌中汞含量与水和沉积物中汞含量相关性良好,表明背角无齿蚌作为指示生物其生物监测结果可进一步验证水和沉积物中的汞污染水平.     

Removal of elemental mercury by KI-impregnated clay

This study described the use of clay impregnated by KI in gas phase elemental mercury (Hg^o) removal in flue gas. The effects of KI loading, temperature, O₂, SO₂ and H₂O on Hg^o removal were investigated using a fixed bed reactor. The Hg^o removal efficiency of KI-clay with 3% KI loading could maintain at a high level (approximately 80 %) after 3 h. The KI-clay demonstrated to be a potential adsorbent for Hg^o removal when compared with activated carbon based adsorbent. O₂ was found to be an important factor in improving the Hg^o removal. O₂ was demonstrated to assist the transfer of KI to I₂ on the surface of KI-clay, which could react with Hg^o directly. NO and SO₂ could slightly improve Hg^o removal, while H₂O inhibited it greatly. The results indicated that after adsorption, most of the mercury escaped from the surface again. Some of the mercury may have been oxidized as it left the surface. The results demonstrated that the chemical reaction primarily occurred between KI and mercury on the surface of the KI-clay.     

溴添加对燃煤烟气汞形态转化的影响

在一维管式沉降炉燃烧试验装置上,以汞的氧化率为评价指标,进行了溴化物种类、添加浓度、添加方式等因素对燃煤烟气汞形态转化影响的实验研究.结果表明: 溴对汞的氧化起促进作用,汞氧化率在一定的范围快速增加,超过此范围缓慢增加.不同的煤质,不同的溴添加物,这个范围是不同的;综合考虑添加成本,操作难易程度以及汞的氧化率,添加同浓度的溴化物时,汞的氧化率由低到高的排列顺序依次是:HBr炉后< HBr炉前< CaBr2< NaBr.在本实验条件下,汞的氧化效果最佳的条件是,褐煤中添加200mg/kg溴化钠,汞的氧化率约72%;亚烟煤添加1000mg/kg溴化钠,汞的氧化率约83%.     

Fe掺杂TiO2催化剂制备及其光催化脱汞机理

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Fe-TiO₂(Fe掺杂纳米二氧化钛)催化剂,通过XRD(X射线衍射仪)、SEM(扫描电镜)、EDX(能量色散X射线光谱仪)和UV-Vis谱对其形态、结构、组成和性质进行表征. 采用Fe-TiO₂催化剂脱除气态Hg0(元素汞),研究了该催化剂在紫外光和可见光下的脱汞效果,并考察了Fe3+的最佳掺杂比. 结果表明:在Fe-TiO₂光催化剂中,TiO₂以锐钛矿相形态存在,当Fe3+掺杂浓度〔以n(Fe)/n(Ti)计〕达到0.010时,所制备的Fe-TiO₂在紫外光和可见光下的脱汞率均达到最大,分别为54.76%和18.92%. 提出了Fe-TiO₂光催化脱汞的可能机制:Fe3+掺入TiO₂结构中,使TiO₂的导带与Fe3+的d轨道发生重叠,导致TiO₂能带变窄,从而扩展了可见光的响应范围;Fe3+在TiO₂中作为一个浅俘获阱,当其俘获光生电子以后,光生空穴能够继续扩散到TiO₂表面发生表面化学反应,生成具有强氧化性的超氧自由基O₂-和·OH,对Hg0进行氧化;当Fe3+掺杂浓度大于0.010时,由于过多的Fe3+成为了光生电子和光生空穴的俘获位,从而使俘获的电子-空穴对通过量子隧道效应复合的概率增加,同时,活性氧化物种O₂-和·OH相互消耗,抑制了光催化效率.      

汞在海洋浮游植物中的生物累积和毒性效应

浮游植物是海洋生态系统的主要初级生产者,同时作为食物也是许多水生生物摄取汞的主要途径。本文综述了近年来汞在海洋浮游植物中的最新研究进展,包括汞在浮游植物中的吸收、累积规律及其影响因素,汞对浮游植物的毒性效应(生长抑制、光合作用影响)以及生物的适应机制(汞的还原、螯合解毒、矿化固定等),最后对浮游植物中汞累积和毒性的未来研究方向进行了展望。     

陡河水库鱼体汞的生物积累初探

为了解陡河燃煤电厂大气汞释放对毗邻的陡河水库水生生态系统中鱼体汞含量、生物积累和放大等的影响,本研究采集陡河水库野生鱼、虾和螺蛳,分别测定了鱼样等生物样品中的总汞和甲基汞,并对部分代表性样品测定稳定碳氮同位素比值。鱼汞分布特征和δ13C‰和δ15N‰同位素比值分布特征显示:鱼体(鲜样)中总汞和甲基汞平均含量分别为56.4±26.7和15.5±8.4 ng·g-1,总汞含量最高的是杂食性的白条鱼为133 ng·g-1。不同食性的鱼体δ13C和δ15N稳定同位素值变化范围分别为-28.1‰~-24.4‰和12.0‰~16.1‰,Log10[Hg]与δ15N的线性相关斜率值为负值。以上结果表明:陡河水库鱼体汞总体偏低,没有发现高生物积累和生物放大,其主要原因在于陡河水库水环境中汞含量较低,且陡河水库靠近市区,过度捕捞使可以捕获的鱼样种类和数量偏少,且鱼龄较低。     

氯气泄漏后毒害区的估算及泄漏的处置

运用毒害区计算方法对本部贮存的氯气泄漏后扩散的半径进行估算,同时以扩散的半径作参考,提出氯气泄漏的处置方法.     

Adult respiratory distress syndrome in human organophosphate poisoning cases

Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical syndrome which occurs due to various direct or indirect noxious agents and pyhsical mechanisms. One of the etiological factors is ingested chemicals (e.g. paraquat, ethylene glycol). The organophosphorous (OP) insecticides are the most toxic and frequently encountered chemicals that produce poisoning in humans. Studies were undertaken to investigate whether OP insecticides may produce ARDS. Fifteen autopsy cases due to suicidal OP insecticide poisoning were investigated. Toxicological analyses were performed with a gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorous detector (GC-NPD). Methamidophos, dimefox and dichlorvos were the detected OP. Lungs were examined macroscopically. Two cases showed features compatible with ARDS in which the only cause of death was OP poisoning. Due to the severity of ARDS it is important to assess insecticidal exposure in an attempt to enhance survival patterns following OP poisoning in patients in order to initiate therapy.     

Pesticides poisoning cases recorded in Ngaoundere,Cameroon over a 27-month period

An examination of hospital records at Ngaoundere in Cameroon showed that there were 51 reported cases of pesticide poisoning in a 27-month period (January 2004 to April 2006) and of those, only two deaths were attributed to insecticides. One feature was that apart from a high proportion of unidentified poisons, rodenticide poisoning was reported more often than other pesticides. Many cases of poisoning might go unrecorded if an individual does not go to hospital.     

Determination of mercury and arsenic levels in fish caught in the Beheshtabad River,Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province,Iran

Mercury and arsenic pollution has been recognized as a potential environmental and public health problem for over 40 years. The major source of exposure to mercury for humans is the ingestion of fish. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the levels of mercury and arsenic in the muscles of four fish species caught in the Beheshtabad River and comparing the results with the maximum tolerance levels for mercury and arsenic. The samples of 90 fish were used for the determination of both the metals by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed that the concentrations ranged from 1.5 to 3.8 µg kg^?1 for mercury and from 35 to 70 µg kg^?1 for arsenic, with means of 2.7 ± 0.5 and 57 ± 12 µg kg^?1, respectively. Both mean levels were lower than the threshold limits acceptable by WHO standards.