富营养化湖泊中微囊藻毒素及其控制去除技术

微囊藻水华是湖泊水体中产生最频繁、危害最严重的一类。微囊藻毒素作为富营养化水体中最常见的藻类毒素,获得了国内外的广泛关注与研究报道。我国淡水水体受微囊藻毒素污染的程度已经相当严重,尤其是饮用水水源的污染,对人们的健康构成了极大的危害。因此当前急需确认藻类毒素对我国水环境影响的程度,研究蓝藻水华产毒的生态条件及控制去除途径,探索毒素对人体健康的影响和防治对策,目前关于微囊藻毒素的健康效应的研究多是从饮用水角度出发,今后的研究可收集详细的数据以建立危险性评估模型,并评价各种降低微囊藻毒素危险性措施的效果。文章就微囊藻毒素的产生、性质与结构、对环境与人类健康的危害、以及微囊藻毒素在水处理过程中的控制方法等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了研究展望。     

控制游离氨实现单级自养生物脱氮的研究

通过实时调控SBR反应器内的游离氮浓度的控制策略,实现以亚硝化作用和厌氧氨氧化作用协同的单级自养生物脱氮工艺.实验分成亚硝酸菌富集和厌氧氨氧化菌混合接种2个阶段,SBR内的温度始终保持在(31±2)℃.亚硝酸菌富集阶段,pH值稳定在7.8左右,通过调节进水氩氮浓度(56～446 mg·L-1)实现FA浓度的变化,从而实...     

膜生物反应器与传统活性污泥工艺除污特性比较

比较了膜生物反应器（MBR）和传统活性污泥工艺（CAS）在相同运行条件下对生活污水的除污特性.结果表明,MBR系统对COD、NH3-N和TN的平均去除率比CAS分别高14.4%、51.2%和37.3%.但MBR中膜的截留使系统相对比较封闭,制约了通过排放高磷污泥的生物法除磷,除磷效率仅为32.9%,低于CAS工艺（43.0%）;将MBR与化学除磷工艺相结合,MBR系统除磷效率可达93.3%.     

利用嗜酸性硫杆菌的生物产酸作用处理洗毛废水

利用洗毛废水在低pH条件下,有机物絮凝沉降的特点,通过嗜酸性硫杆菌(Acidophilic thiobacillus)的产酸作用降低体系pH,破坏废水固有的稳定性,改变有机物的亲水性能,实现固液分离,达到去除COD的目的.试验结果表明,生物产酸作用能有效地去除废水COD,改善其脱水性能.当体系pH降至3.00, COD去除率达到最大值91.4%,处理后的废水有很好的机械脱水和沉降性能,比阻从大于9.81×10¹³　m·kg^-1降至5.60×10¹¹ m·kg^-1.而对照处理在整个培养期内,未发生明显的改变,仅有20%的COD被去除.本研究为油脂含量高、难被生物利用的有机废水提供了一条新的处理方法.     

Management of basiphilous dune slack communities in relation to carbonate accumulation and hydrological conditions

In dune slacks in The Netherlands, a decline of rare mesotrophic basiphilous plant species and their plant communities has been observed in combination with an increase of more productive systems with common, taller acidophilous plant species. This has been attributed to both natural and anthropogenic changes. In a humid climate with a precipitation surplus, as in The Netherlands, the calcium carbonate content of a calcareous soil increases with depth. However, soils in coastal dune slacks, may have a higher carbonate content in the topsoil horizon than in the underlying layers. Carbonates which buffer the pH can prolong the presence of mesotrophic basiphilous plant communities which are of high conservation value. To explain the occurrence of calcareous surface horizons in dune slacks, hydrological and micromorphological analyses were carried out in three dune slacks. Two slacks are situated on the Wadden Sea islands in the northern part of The Netherlands; one on Schiermonnikoog and one on Texel. The third slack is situated in the dunes on the island of Goeree in the southwestern part of The Netherlands. In all three slacks, carbonate occurs as mollusc and gastropod fragments (silt- or sand-sized) and as micritic nodules in the topsoil layer, due to aeolian deposition and sedimentation by water.In situ carbonate accumulation (calcitans and calcareous crusts) due to CO₂ release in inundated and/or capillary rise of calcareous groundwater near, or at the soil surface. Accumulation of carbonate also occurs as a result of biological activity by algae in the topsoil of the Goeree site. In general, hydrological processes maintaining high levels of calcareous groundwater are a prerequisite for the maintenance of high carbonate levels in topsoils. Such levels are necessary for the conservation and management of basiphilous pioneer vegetation.     

Pd/activated carbon sorbents for mid-temperature capture of mercury from coal-derived fuel gas

Higher concentrations of Hg can be emitted from coal pyrolysis or gasification than from coal combustion, especially elemental Hg. Highly efficient Hg removal technology from coal-derived fuel gas is thus of great importance. Based on the very excellent Hg removal ability of Pd and the high adsorption abilities of activated carbon（AC） for H2 S and Hg, a series of Pd/AC sorbents was prepared by using pore volume impregnation, and their performance in capturing Hg and H2 S from coal-derived fuel gas was investigated using a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. The effects of loading amount, reaction temperature and reaction atmosphere on Hg removal from coal-derived fuel gas were studied. The sorbents were characterized by N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction（XRD） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. The results indicated that the efficiency of Hg removal increased with the increasing of Pd loading amount, but the effective utilization rate of the active component Pd decreased significantly at the same time. High temperature had a negative influence on the Hg removal. The efficiency of Hg removal in the N2-H2S-H2-CO-Hg atmosphere（simulated coal gas） was higher than that in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres, which showed that H2 and CO, with their reducing capacity, could benefit promote the removal of Hg. The XPS results suggested that there were two different ways of capturing Hg over sorbents in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres.     

异养硝化及其在污水脱氮中的作用

通过与传统自养硝化作用的比较，异养硝化作用不仅是客观存在的过程，而且某些特殊的异养菌，可以同步进行异养硝化和好氧反硝化，对于污水脱氮具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。     

贵阳市一居民区大气颗粒态汞的污染状况

2004年4、7、8、11、12月采用微型捕集管-冷原子荧光光谱法对贵阳市一个居民区大气中的痕量颗粒态总汞(TPM)进行了测定。结果表明:TPM日均浓度范围是0.149~4.853 ng.m-3,平均值是1.091 ng.m-3,显著高于背景参考值1~86 pg.m-3;TPM浓度采暖期大于非采暖期,夜间通常大于白昼;TPM与大气气态总汞(TGM)可能具有同源性;燃煤、垃圾焚烧以及周边工厂排放的含尘烟气可能是居民区大气颗粒态汞的主要人为来源。     

高碳氮负荷下同时脱氮除碳好氧颗粒污泥研究

在4 L反应器中,以补加葡萄糖和硫酸铵的猪场废水为基质,不接种活性污泥,加入粉末状活性炭对废水土著微生物进行预固定.通过批次进水并控制运行条件（逐渐提高COD、NH 4＋-N负荷、缩短沉降时间、提高曝气量）培养同时脱氮除碳好氧颗粒污泥,研究了该好氧颗粒污泥的脱氮除碳功能及对高碳氮负荷冲击的响应.结果表明,成熟好氧颗粒污泥为土黄色不规则球状,粒径为0.5～3.5 mm.COD和NH 4＋-N负荷分别在4.80～12.6 kg.（m3.d）-1和0.217～0.503 kg.（m3.d）-1时,好氧颗粒污泥对COD的去除率〉94%,对NH 4＋-N的去除率〉98%.当COD和NH 4＋-N负荷分别提高至15.70 kg.（m3.d）-1和0.723kg.（m3.d）-1并运行4 d后,反应器内絮体激增,颗粒沉降变差并开始破碎,NH 4＋-N去除率下降至81.6%.排出部分污泥并降低负荷继续运行,颗粒污泥的NH 4＋-N去除率可迅速恢复至98%以上.本研究培养的好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的同时脱氮除碳功能,可以耐受高COD和NH 4＋-N负荷的双重冲击.     

大型构件防腐喷砂(涂)车间通风除尘设计

考虑到大型构件喷砂（涂）车间铝粉尘污染的特点以及构件进出空间的限制，比较了各种类型的除尘器，选择了最合理的通风除尘方案，进行了通风除尘系统的设计。该设计方案实施后，除尘效果显著。