红树幼苗对汞的吸收和净化

在砂培条件下用含汞海水处理的秋茄和桐花树等红树幼苗,其汞含量随着原培养液汞含量增加而增加.所吸收的汞大部分累积于根部,在1ppm汞浓度组,根部吸收的汞仅约有3％被转运到茎叶中.汞在根中的积累是与培养液汞含量呈双对数正相关.秋茄和桐花树根对汞的积累分别是原培养液汞浓度的16—174和16—100倍.桐花树和秋茄整株植物在四星期内吸收汞总量分别为原加汞总量的3.5—21％和3.2—37％.1ppm汞未对红树植物发生毒害作用,因此红树林对海水汞污染有一定的净化作用.     

甲基汞和硒在鲤鱼组织中的蓄积及对肝胰脏中某些元素含量的影响

在20±2℃测定鲤鱼在28天受甲基汞、硒接触期间,肌肉、脑和肝胰脏中蓄积的汞,肌肉中蓄积的硒。用扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱仪测定肝胰脏中Na,P,K,S,Cl,Ca等元素的含量与汞吸收量之间的关系。试验结果说明汞与硒之间存在拮抗作用。     

北京市表层浮土和水体底泥中汞的赋存形态及其相互关系

应用分级萃取法测定了12个北京市表层浮士和3个水体底泥中汞的赋存形态,并应用多元统计分析对其相互关系进行了研究.北京市表层浮土中汞的含量分布变异较大,但其趋势为:残渣态>强有机结合态>水溶态>其它形态.各形态汞含量主要取决于上壤和底泥中汞含量的大小,其次才是环境因素.强有机结合态和残渣态是主要的赋存形态,对汞在土壤和底泥中的固定起着重要的作用.较易移动的水溶态、FA结合态和交换态对汞在环境中的迁移转化也有一定的影响.盐酸提取态汞主要包括水溶态、交换态、FA结合态和碳酸盐结合态.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

Background Mercury Concentrations in River Water in Maine, U.S.A.

Mercury concentrations in 58 rivers in Maine was measured to range from below detection up to 7.01 ng L^-1 and averaged 1.80±1.29 ng L^-1. The concentration gradient for mercury in rivers across the state was not uniform. Mercury strongly correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and aluminum, and less strongly with copper, lead, and zinc. Mercuryexhibited significant differences in correlations with chemical variables and local geology when partitioned by flow state (high or low). Mercury concentrations were greatest in rivers flowingacross either wacke-type bedrock at low metamorphic grade, or glacial-till deposits. Elevated concentrations of mercury formed a locus in northern Maine under both high and low-flow states while in southwestern Maine a locus formed only during high-flowstates. These regional differences were statistically significantwhen compared by geographical location. We suggest that there is a bedrock source of mercury in northeastern Maine that is dilutedduring periods of high runoff. The elevated concentrations detected under high-flow states, as noted in southwestern Maine, may reflect mercury released from storage in association withDOC during periods of high runoff. The association of mercury with flow state indicates that watershed processes and local geology can modulate the concentration of mercury in rivers.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.     

高氯离子低COD废水样品COD的测定方法探讨

对于氯离子含量高于2000mg/L，而COD值较低的废水样品，按硫酸汞与氯离子之比（W／W）为15：1投加硫酸汞作掩蔽剂，同时扣除空白氯离子残留的COD值，结果准确可靠，此结果扩展了标准方法的使用范围。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

不同预处理方式对剩余污泥中活菌菌群及ARGs的影响

剩余污泥作为抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的储库,对其进行预处理有助于后续厌氧消化（AD）,同时控制ARGs进入AD后的传播风险.本文采用叠氮碘化丙锭（PMA）处理手段,来研究不同预处理方式对活菌菌群及携带ARGs的影响.研究结果显示,热碱、热水解和微波预处理对污泥ARGs去除效果较优,分别为3.32log、3.13log和2.95log;超声波预处理对活菌ARGs仅去除0.58log.在热水解预处理时间延长过程中,菌群大量死亡出现在1~2h间,4h后去除率达2.42log.变形菌门是污泥中最主要的优势菌门,厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门在微波、热水解预处理后实现较大提升.相关性结果显示,sulI与tetC高度相似,且同时与多个科属的微生物成显著正相关,推测其宿主范围较广,且sulI与tetC在预处理中较好的去除率说明其宿主菌对预处理耐受性差;ermB、tetA与占比较高的菌群没有正相关.多数ARGs携带菌对热水解、热碱和微波不耐受,污泥预处理能够降低ARGs丰度,适当延长低温热水解预处理时间,才能有效削减污泥中的ARGs.     

吸波结构聚氨酯泡沫基体材料耐老化性能评估试验设计

目的针对吸波结构的基体材料——一种软质聚氨酯泡沫耐老化性能的考核,设计一种环境适应性试验,确定施加的环境应力和产品老化性能的表征参数。方法通过吸波结构的聚氨酯泡沫材料的特征性能参数分析,根据产品应用要求和预试验结果,确定合适的老化性能的主要表征指标,通过多应力水平试验和方差分析,确定采用的主要加速老化环境应力。结果通过预试验与分析认为,吸波结构用聚氨酯泡沫材料耐老化性能可采用断裂伸长率来作表征,由于防水覆膜能很好地阻隔水汽对聚氨酯材料的影响,采用单温度应力便可以来考核其老化性能。结论针对具有防水覆膜的吸波结构用聚氨酯泡沫材料,采用单温度应力作用下的断裂伸长率变化可以对其耐老化性能进行有效评估。