北非沙尘天气时空分布特征及其远程传输路径

通过对北非地面300个气象站20a沙尘暴、浮尘、风场及冬夏季气溶胶指数（AI）的时空分布分析,探讨了其远程传输路径,结果表明：1）北非在阿尔及利亚、毛里塔尼亚、尼日尔和乍得中部、埃及东部、苏丹北部、博德莱洼地存在6个主要沙源区,3月沙尘暴范围和强度最大,8~11月最小.从11月起逐渐在萨赫勒地区形成了一条浮尘带,其强度和范围在3月最大,其后逐渐收缩并在6~10月分裂成3~4个小带.2）受冬春季地面高压影响,萨赫勒浮尘带由其北部发生的沙尘暴远距离传输而来.4~8月,来自赤道的南风北抬并与来自大西洋的西北风在萨赫勒中西部交汇,形成静风区并导致浮尘带收缩、断裂.3）北非存在2条沙尘主传输路径,其中Ⅰ起自阿尔及利亚,向东到地中海、埃及和苏丹,然后转向萨赫勒,从东向西传到大西洋;Ⅱ起自阿尔及利亚,向南传输到毛里塔尼亚,向西传到大西洋;同时在主传输路径Ⅰ上还出现了4个分支路径.     

Oxidation of diclofenac by birnessite: Identification of products and proposed transformation pathway

Diclofenac (DCF), a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, reacted readily with birnessite under mild conditions, and the pseudo first order kinetic constants achieved 8.84 × 10^?2 hr^?1. Five products of DCF including an iminoquinone product (2,5-iminoquinone-diclofenac) and four dimer products were observed and identified by tandem mass spectrometry during the reaction. Meanwhile, 2,5-iminoquinone-diclofenac was identified to be the major product, accounting for 83.09% of the transformed DCF. According to the results of spectroscopic Mn(III) trapping experiments and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Mn(IV) contained in birnessite solid was consumed and mainly converted into Mn(III) during reaction process, which proved that the removal of DCF by birnessite was through oxidation. Based on the identified products of DCF and the changes of Mn valence state in birnessite solid, a tentative transformation pathway of DCF was proposed.     

一株DDT降解菌的筛选及其降解特性

以DDT为目标污染物,通过筛选获得了一株效果稳定的DDT降解菌,并对其进行形态学观察,生理生化特性及16S rRNA测序鉴定.经鉴定,该菌株属于甲基菌属（Methylovorus）,命名为Methylovorus sp. XLL03.菌株在pH值为7,温度30℃,外加碳源浓度0.5%,初始DDT浓度20mg/L时生长量最大.在pH值为6,温度30℃下,外加碳源（葡萄糖）浓度0.1%,初始DDT浓度20mg/L时对DDT的降解率最大.在优化条件下,4d后菌株XLL03对DDT最高降解率可达50.4%.利用GC-MS对DDT的降解中间产物进行定性分析,初步推断在菌株XLL03中,DDT最初分别通过脱氯和脱氯化氢生成DDD和DDE,随后DDD和DDE进一步脱氯得到DDMU,最终DDMU开环后又经过一系列反应被彻底矿化.在DDT的代谢过程中,未发现代谢中间产物的积累,表明菌株XLL03在修复受DDT污染的水或土壤中具有一定的应用前景.     

废水中硝基酚类化合物生物降解的研究进展

硝基酚是一类重要且常用的化工原料，一些硝基酚毒性大且难以生物降解，被美国环保局列入“优先控制污染物名单”。在自然环境条件下，硝基酚的生物降解速率缓慢，导致硝基酚在环境中长期滞留和积累。分析了人工强化条件下废水中硝基酚的生物降解性能，主要从具有降解硝基酚能力的微生物、硝基酚的厌氧生物降解性、硝基酚的好氧生物降解性和硝基酚的共基质代谢降解方面进行了较全面的综述，讨论了该研究当前仍存在的一些问题和研究展望。     

Photodegradation of new amino acid derivatives suitable for chelating agents in pulp bleaching applications

The purpose of this study was to evaluate photodegradabilities of the following new low-nitrogen chelating agents: N-bis[(carboxymethoxy)ethyl]glycine (compound 1), N-bis[(1,2-dicarboxyethoxy)ethyl]glycine (compound 2) and N-bis[(1,2-dicarboxyethoxy)ethyl]aspartic acid (compound 3). At first photodegradation of these chelating agents as uncomplexed Na-compound 1–3 and Cu(II) complexes were tested, both in lake and distilled water, by exposing them to near-UV region radiation at the range of 315–400 nm. Uncomplexed Na-compounds 2 and 3 were selected to sunlight exposure experiments carried out in lake and distilled water. Compound 3 was also tested in sunlight as Cu and Ca complexes in both solutions. Photodegradation of Na₆-compound 3 in distilled water was studied by exposing it to radiation at the wavelength of 253.7 nm. Photodegradation products were analysed by means of GC-MS (gas chromatography with mass selective detector).

The results demonstrated that compound 1 was quite photostable even as Cu complex while compounds 2 and 3 were found to be photodegradable. Over 90% reduction of compound 3 was achieved during one week and 80% reduction of compound 2 in two weeks' time when they were added as Na salt to lake water and exposed to sunlight. Compound 3 as Cu complex degraded totally in the sunlight in less than one week. In the case of compound 3, the degradation rate decreased depending on the counter cation in the order Cu > Na  Ca. The study demonstrated that photodegradation of Na₆-compound 3 does not result in total mineralization of the compound. A photodegradation pathway for Na₆-compound 3 is proposed.     

煤矿企业安全文化及其建设

论述了安全文化的本质及其在安全生产中的地位和作用,分析了煤矿企业面临的严峻的安全形势及如何建立适应煤矿企业特点的安全文化.明确指出安全文化不是孤立的,更不是万能的,安全文化必须建立在完善的安全技术措施和安全管理制度之上,并充分融合于煤矿企业的各项管理工作之中,这样方能发挥其应有的作用.     

北京城市物质代谢的能值分析与生态效率评估

城市如同生命体一样,需要持续不断的代谢过程完成其正常运转.城市可持续发展研究的关键是城市物质代谢流量及其代谢效率研究,但物质代谢流量仅能反映代谢速率,而其生态效率则反映了支持社会经济发展的物质代谢能力.采用能值分析方法,引入"生态效率"概念,构建了城市物质代谢生态效率的度量模型,从代谢流量及其效率2个方面核算了北京市资源环境及经济发展的代谢状况.结果表明:1990～2004年,北京市可利用总能值非常丰富,经济发展程度较高;来自本土可更新自然资源相对匮乏,大部分来源于不可更新资源和系统购买的资源与服务;城市废弃物资源化水平有待提高,环境压力较大;生态效率指数呈现出增加的趋势,2004年生态效率指数比1990年提高了3.6倍,表明城市自组织能力、发展潜力以及再生循环能力不断提高.说明提高城市物质代谢生态效率的根本途径是经济效率、资源效率和环境效率的协同发展,以及逐步构建废物资源化的循环链条.     

山东淄博孝妇河流域地下水污染及环境对其的控制作用

研究了孝妇河流域地下水的主要污染途径、污染组分及其空间的分布特征，用模糊数学方法进行了地下水质量评价；同时研究了地貌条件，河流与含水层之间接触关系及河水的水质等环境条件对地下水污染的控制作用。     

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯酶促降解性的研究

从处理石化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出一株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌FS1（Pseudomonas fluorescens FS1),测定了P.fluorescens FS1的邻苯二甲酸酯降解酸对邻苯二甲酸二（2－乙基已基）酯（DEHP）的降解特性。P.fluorescens FS1细胞中的颗粒部分、溶液部分对DEHP都具有降解作用，初步认为P.fluorescens FS1降解酶属胸内酶。P.fluorescens FS1降解酶对DEHP的最适酸度为pH6.5-8.0，温度为25－35℃，米氏常数Km为190.48nmol/mL。在好氧条件下，DEHP与P.fluorescens FS1降解酯酶作用，形成邻苯二甲酸单酯和邻苯二甲酸后，可进一步降解成苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸，最终转化为CO2与H2O。