Preozonation of bromide-bearing source water in south China

The effectiveness of preozonation was evaluated on treating a bromide-bearing dam source water in south China through batch-scale experiments. Preozonation at ozone doses of 0.5-1.0 mg/L （at ozone consumption base） enhanced total organic carbon （TOC） removal through coagulation, and resulted in an almost linear reduction of ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm （LW2s4）. The removals of TOC （after coagulation） and UV254 at the ozone dose of 1.0 mg/L were 36% and 70%, respectively. Preozonation at an ozone dose between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L resulted in the removal of disinfection byproducts formation potential （DBFP） including trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） and haloacetic acid formation potential （HAAFP） for about 50%. The removals of THMFP and HAAFP decreased with the further increase of ozone dose. Ozonation of bromide-bearing water （bromide concentration, 34 μg/L） produced a bromate concentration under the detection limit（2μg/L） at ozone doses 〈1.5 mg/L. However, bromate 〉10μg/L could be produced when the bromide concentration was increased to 96 μg/L.     

Ion adsorption components in liquid/solid systems

Experiments on Zn^2＋ and Cd^2＋ adsorptions on vermiculite in aqueous solutions were conducted to investigate the widely observed adsorbent concentration effect on the traditionally defined adsorption isotherm in the adsorbate range 25--500 mg/L and adsorbent range 10--150 g/L. The results showed that the equilibrium ion adsorption density did not correspond to a unique equilibrium ion concentration in liquid phase. Three adsorbate/adsorbent ratios, the equilibrium adsorption density, the ratio of equilibrium adsorbate concentration in liquid phase to adsorbent concentration, and the ratio of initial adsorbate concentration to adsorbent concentration, were found to be related with unique values in the tested range. Based on the assumption that the equilibrium state of a liquid/solid adsorption system is determined by four mutually related components： adsorbate in liquid phase, adsorbate in solid phase, uncovered adsorption site and covered adsorption site, and that the equilibrium chemical potentials of these components should be equalized, a new model was presented for describing ion adsorption isotherm in liquid/solid systems. The proposed model fit well the experimental data obtained from the examined samples.     

活性炭滤池深度处理水中有机物

生物活性炭滤池能有效去除常规工艺出水中CODMn、UV254、三氯甲烷生成势和一溴二氯甲烷生成势,但在相同水力停留时间下,新鲜活性炭滤池对这些有机物去除效果更显著。生物活性炭滤池出水二溴一氯甲烷生成势升高,而新鲜活性炭滤池对二溴一氯甲烷生成势有时有一定的去除效果。     

染料高效吸附菌Penicillium oxalicum表面特征解析

本研究利用Zeta电位和酸碱滴定技术对Penicillium oxalicum菌体的表面性质进行了表征,应用线性规划法求解出菌体表面在表面反应中起主要作用的4种基团酸度常数分别为4.0、7.0、8.8和10.0.与文献中数据的比较推断这些基团为羧基、磷酸基团、胺基及羟基,菌体的FTIR红外光谱解析初步验证了这一结果,上述结论为进一步研究生物吸附中菌体与吸附质之间的作用提供了必要的依据.     

藻细胞膜电信号对重金属的快速反应研究

为探讨藻细胞膜电信号对重金属离子的响应特征,运用细胞外表面技术和电化学方法研究了淡水藻——大型轮藻(Nitellaflexilis)藻细胞膜电位和膜电阻对汞、镉、铅的快速反应.结果表明,细胞膜电位和膜电阻对汞、镉响应灵敏且快速,30min内即对1μmol·L-1Hg2+、Cd2+表现出超极化和膜电阻增大反应,而5、10μmol·L-1Hg2+、Cd2+则在15min内引起细胞去极化、膜电阻减小,且剂量效应显著.细胞膜电信号对Pb2+的响应浓度为100μmol·L-1,30min内细胞先去极化后超极化,膜电阻持续增大.重金属作用前后相比,高浓度Hg2+、Cd2+(5、10μmol·L-1)导致藻细胞不可逆损伤,而其低浓度所致的损伤可恢复.Pb2+致藻细胞不可逆损伤的最低浓度为500μmol·L-1.对比膜电信号对3种离子的响应特点,发现藻细胞膜电位和膜电阻对Hg2+和Cd2+的响应灵敏度大于Pb2+.     

青海湖地区潜在蒸散发变化特征及影响因子分析

蒸散发是陆面水循环的关键环节,在高寒、干旱生态环境中表现更加复杂。由于青海湖地区蒸发皿实测值存在数值偏大、长期观测器皿不统一的问题,本文采用Penman-Monteith (P-M)模型研究了青海湖地区天峻、刚察气象站潜在蒸散发的时空变化特征及影响因子。结果表明：(1)1967-2010年青海湖地区潜在蒸散发呈下降趋势,天峻站的平均下降速率为0.807 mm·a^-1,刚察站为0.499 mm·a^-1。(2)青海湖地区存在“蒸发悖论”现象,潜在蒸散发的主要影响因子存在地域差异：天峻为风速主导;刚察则由气温和风速共同主导。(3)与蒸发皿实测值的潜在机理相比,P-M模型更强调水汽输送条件的影响作用;在能量供给条件上,P-M模型与气温关系更密切,而蒸发皿实测值与日照百分率相关性更高。     

无人监测船在城市内河水质监测中的应用

采用无人船监测技术结合镇江市内河水质状况普查工作,大于120 h的航行试验,总航行里程约为90 km,对建成区水体中的氨氮(NH3-N)、溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(ORP)和浊度进行原位监测,结果表明,通过合理选择搭载相应的测量电极,无人监测船能够满足地表水测量数据准确度的要求,同时可实现研究区域的监测全覆盖,提升了地表水环境监测的工作效率。     

浅析定电位电解法测试SO2应注意的问题

用定电位电解法测定SO2时,会出现多种影响测试结果的各种因素。本文对此进行了讨论,结果表明,采取有效措施可降低干扰,极大的提高了污染源监测和在线比对监测的可靠性和准确性。     

Adaptation to Climatic Variability and Change: Asian Perspectives on Agriculture and Food Security

The impacts of climate change on potential rice production in Asia are reviewed in the light of the adaptation to climatic variability and change. Collaborative studies carried out by IRRI and US-EPA reported that using process-based crop simulation models increasing temperature may decrease rice potential yield up to 7.4% per degree increment of temperature. When climate scenarios predicted by GCMs were applied it was demonstrated that rice production in Asia may decline by 3.8% under the climates of the next century. Moreover, changes in rainfall pattern and distribution were also found suggesting the possible shift of agricultural lands in the region. The studies however have not taken the impacts of climatic variability into account, which often produce extreme events like that caused by monsoons and El Niño. Shifts in rice-growing areas are likely to be constrained by land-use changes occurring for other developmental reasons, which may force greater cultivation of marginal lands and further deforestation. This should be taken into account and lead to more integrated assessment, especially in developing countries where land-use change is more a top-down policy rather than farmers' decision. A key question is: To what extent will improving the ability of societies to cope with current climatic variability through changing design of agricultural systems and practices help the same societies cope with the likely changes in climate?     

电场中沉降粉体接触粘结力的分析

应用接触电位差理论和高斯定理,分析了电除尘器收尘极板上沉降粉尘粒子与极板间的双电层现象,继而探讨了两者间的接触粘结力,建立了粘结力与物质材料电子逸出功的关系。研究表明,紧密接触的沉降粉尘粒子与极板间的接触粘结力与它们各自的电子逸出功之差成正比。这一粘结力是阻止微细粉尘脱离收尘极板的一个重要因素。