京津冀制造业转移与环境影响实证研究

为评价京津冀产业转移的时空格局变化及其对区域环境产生的影响,建立区际产业转移测度模型和环境影响评估模型,实证分析2003—2014年京津冀制造业的转移与环境污染影响.产业转移测度模型借鉴偏离-份额法和增量分解思想,可用于分析区际产业转移的趋势和规模;环境影响评估模型采用纳入产业转移、经济发展和环境管制水平等因素的计量经济模型,利用面板数据和固定效应估计方法,可用于分析区际产业转移带来的区域环境污染格局变化.实证研究结果表明:京津冀地区1%规模的资本密集型制造业发生转移,会使转入地（转出地）的工业SO₂和工业烟（粉）尘排放量分别增长（减少）3.4%和2.6%.“十一五”以来京津冀地区间的制造业转移已经颇具规模,然而京津冀制造业的空间重构已经对区域环境污染格局产生了影响,并且产生明显不利影响的主要是资本密集型制造业的转移,而技术密集型制造业转移的环境积极效应尚不明显,京津冀环境污染在跨过EKC（环境库兹涅茨曲线）拐点后,环境污染与经济增长的反向关系可能并不能持续,更有效的环境规制或者更清洁的生产技术可以明显改善当地的环境状况.      

基于偏离一份额和灰色关联分析法的广西入境旅游产业结构分析

运用偏离一份额法分析了广西入境旅游产业结构的竞争优劣势,并采用灰色系统关联度分析法对广西入境旅游业各部门收入与入境旅游外汇总收入之间的关联度进行了分析。结果表明,在2000-2007年相对于全国入境旅游产业而言,广西的游览、娱乐部门有一定的竞争优势,但与旅游外汇收入的关联度低,所占比重小;长途交通、商品销售部门与旅游外汇收入的关联度分别排第一、第二位;但缺乏竞争优势,结构效益较差;邮电通讯、餐饮、住宿、市内交通部门的关联度较大,处于竞争劣势或弱势地位;其他服务部门关联度最小,缺乏竞争力。指出了广西入境旅游产业结构存在的主要问题,提出了产业优化建议。     

鸢尾对石油烃污染土壤的修复以及根系代谢分析

本研究采用温室盆栽方式,探讨了野生花卉鸢尾(Iris pseudacorus L.)对大港油田石油烃污染土壤的修复能力,并对石油烃暴露下鸢尾根系代谢组学进行了分析.结果表明,鸢尾对石油烃含量≤40 000 mg·kg-1具有良好的耐性;鸢尾对高含量石油烃污染土壤的修复效果比较显著,当土壤石油烃含量为10 000、20 000和40 000 mg·kg-1时,其去除率分别为42.1%、33.1%和31.2%,明显高于空白对照组(31.8%、21.3%和11.9%)(P0.05).通过根系扫描,发现在10 000、20 000和40 000mg·kg-1的石油烃暴露下,根系比表面积均高于空白对照组.经聚类分析发现根系代谢从整体上发生了不同程度的变化,同时某些代谢物的含量或种类也发生了极显著的变化(P0.001).通过偏最小二乘判别分析法(PLS-DA)发现11种代谢物(VIP值1.2),它们对根系比表面积的改变起到实质性的贡献.其中,5种与根系比表面积呈正相关,分别为草酸、乳酸、延胡索酸、磷酸和丙二酸,而与葡萄糖酸、尿苷、丁酸、麦芽糖、亚油酸和苯丙氨酸呈负相关.可见,鸢尾用于修复高含量石油烃污染土壤具有实践上的可行性,并且关于根系代谢分析有利于更好地理解植物对石油烃污染土壤的代谢响应并揭示其修复机制.     

Microbial community characterization, activity analysis and purifying efficiency in a biofilter process

The growth and metabolism of microbial communities on biologically activated carbon(BAC) play a crucial role in the purification of drinking water.To gain insight into the growth and metabolic characteristics of microbial communities and the efficiency of drinking water treatment in a BAC filter,we analyzed the heterotrophic plate count(HPC),phospholipid,dehydrogenase,metabolic function and water quality parameters during start-up and steady-state periods.In the start-up process of the filter with natural biofilm colonization,the variation in heterotrophic plate count levels was S-curved.The total phospholipid level was very low during the first 5 days and reached a maximum value after 40 days in the filter.The activity of dehydrogenase gradually increased during the first 30 days and then reached a plateau.The functional diversity of the microbial community in the filter increased,and then reached a relatively stable level by day 40.After an initial decrease,which was followed by an increase,the removal rate of NH4+-N and COD Mn became stable and was 80% and 28%,respectively,by day 40.The consumption rate of dissolved oxygen reached a steady level after 29 days,and remained at 18%.At the steady operation state,the levels of HPC,phospholipid,dehydrogenase activity and carbon source utilization had no significant differences after 6 months compared to levels measured on day 40.The filter was shown to be effective in removing NH4+-N,NO2--N,COD Mn,UV 254,biodegradable dissolved organic carbon and trace organic pollutants from the influent.Our results suggest that understanding changes in the growth and metabolism of microorganisms in BAC filter could help to improve the efficiency of biological treatment of drinking water.     

Effects of interactions between anthropogenic stressors and recurring perturbations on ecosystem resilience and collapse

Insights into declines in ecosystem resilience and their causes and effects can inform preemptive action to avoid ecosystem collapse and loss of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being. Empirical studies of ecosystem collapse are rare and hampered by ecosystem complexity, nonlinear and lagged responses, and interactions across scales. We investigated how an anthropogenic stressor could diminish ecosystem resilience to a recurring perturbation by altering a critical ecosystem driver. We studied groundwater-dependent, peat-accumulating, fire-prone wetlands known as upland swamps in southeastern Australia. We hypothesized that underground mining (stressor) reduces resilience of these wetlands to landscape fires (perturbation) by diminishing groundwater, a key ecosystem driver. We monitored soil moisture as an indicator of ecosystem resilience during and after underground mining. After landscape fire, we compared responses of multiple state variables representing ecosystem structure, composition, and function in swamps within the mining footprint with unmined reference swamps. Soil moisture declined without recovery in swamps with mine subsidence (i.e., undermined), but was maintained in reference swamps over 8 years (effect size 1.8). Relative to burned reference swamps, burned undermined swamps showed greater loss of peat via substrate combustion; reduced cover, height, and biomass of regenerating vegetation; reduced postfire plant species richness and abundance; altered plant species composition; increased mortality rates of woody plants; reduced postfire seedling recruitment; and extirpation of a hydrophilic animal. Undermined swamps therefore showed strong symptoms of postfire ecosystem collapse, whereas reference swamps regenerated vigorously. We found that an anthropogenic stressor diminished the resilience of an ecosystem to recurring perturbations, predisposing it to collapse. Avoidance of ecosystem collapse hinges on early diagnosis of mechanisms and preventative risk reduction. It may be possible to delay or ameliorate symptoms of collapse or to restore resilience, but the latter appears unlikely in our study system due to fundamental alteration of a critical ecosystem driver. Efectos de las interacciones entre los estresantes antropogénicos y las perturbaciones recurrentes sobre la resiliencia y el colapso de los ecosistemas     

Effects of sublethal application of Deepwater Horizon oil to bird eggs on embryonic heart and metabolic rate

Following large crude oil spills, oil from feathers of brooding birds and oiled nesting material can transfer to eggs, resulting in reduced embryonic viability for heavily oiled eggs. Eggs may also be subjected to trace or light oiling, but functional teratogenic effects from sublethal crude oil exposure have not been examined. We assessed whether sublethal application of weathered Deepwater Horizon crude oil to the eggshell surface alters heart rate and metabolic rate in Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata) embryos. We first determined sublethal applications with a dosing experiment. Embryo viability for eggs exposed to 5 μL or more of crude oil decreased significantly. We conducted a second experiment to measure heart rate and metabolic rate (CO₂ production) 5 and 9 d after 1 sublethal application of crude oil to eggshells on day 3 of incubation. One application of 1.0 or 2.5 µL of crude oil reduced embryonic heart rate and metabolic rate on day 12 of incubation. Using unfertilized eggs, we measured the transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the eggshell surface to egg contents 9 d after a single application of sublethal crude oil. Our results suggest avian eggs externally exposed to small amounts of crude oil may exhibit protracted embryonic development and impaired postnatal cardiac performance.     

电子废物资源化循环转化过程与代谢规律研究

选择废印刷电路板和废CRT玻壳玻璃的资源化过程作为承载实体,进行了研究分析.建立了电子废物资源化技术过程的物质能量转化模型;分析了废印刷电路板和废CRT玻壳玻璃的资源化过程中的物质流、能量流、废物流以及污染物的释放与迁移;核算了物质、能量转化清单.分析结果表明,废印刷电路板资源化过程中的分选环节能耗较高,达100kW×h/t,而拆解和非金属材料的热压成型是控制污染物排放的重点环节;废CRT玻壳玻璃资源化过程中屏玻璃和锥玻璃的再利用环节能耗较高,利用屏玻璃制造泡沫玻璃和锥玻璃冶炼铅的能耗分别为600, 250kW×h/t,破碎、研磨、锥玻璃冶炼铅是控制污染物排放的重点环节.     

采用代谢流量分析方法评估二噁英对细胞的代谢干扰

以肝癌细胞HepG2为供试细胞,选用5个不同浓度的二噁英（0、0.001、0.01、0.1和1.0 nmol.L-1）,探讨2,3,7,8-TCDD对HepG2细胞的毒性效应.采用90%甲醇离心法实现蛋白与代谢产物的分离,建立了高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）分析胞外液中的23种代谢产物（20种氨基酸、乳酸、甘油和尿素）的方法.建立的HPLC-MS/MS分析方法对各化合物的加标回收率可达91%—105%之间,化合物浓度的标准偏差均小于10%.在此基础上,结合代谢流量分析系统研究了2,3,7,8-TCDD对HepG2细胞内代谢流的影响.结果表明,随着浓度的增高,2,3,7,8-TCDD对HepG2细胞代谢的干扰作用呈增强趋势.2,3,7,8-TCDD降低了细胞对葡萄糖的吸收,并进一步抑制了HepG2细胞糖酵解的速率.此外,2,3,7,8-TCDD导致了HepG2细胞乳酸代谢流的明显增加,由此使细胞产生了过量的乳酸.     

低温SBR工艺活性污泥代谢特性研究

在(7±1)℃条件下,从污染物的去除效能、生物活性、污泥特性等方面,研究了低温SBR系统中活性污泥的代谢特性.结果表明:低温SBR系统在好氧阶段前40min能够将96%的COD去除,整个运行周期活性污泥对COD的代谢状况良好;由于低温的影响,活性污泥硝化反应过程受到抑制,反硝化过程无法正常进行;低温不是影响SBR反应器中聚磷菌P代谢过程的关键因素,在低温条件下聚磷菌对P的摄取、释放代谢状况良好;活性污泥2,3,5氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)和碘硝基四氮唑(INT)电子传递体系(ETS)活性呈现出周期性变化规律,TTC和INT-ETS活性能够有效表征整个运行过程活性污泥的代谢特性;稳定运行的低温SBR系统活性污泥表现出良好的沉降性,MLSS、MLVSS、以及MLVSS/MLSS都高于常温SBR系统.