中华圆田螺抗氧化-代谢酶系统对转cry1Ab/Ac基因抗虫水稻的响应

对生长在不施农药转Bt基因抗虫水稻华恢1号(HH1)、非Bt稻明恢63(MH63)及施药的明恢63(MH63C)3种稻田生境中的中华圆田螺抗氧化系统物质(SOD、CAT、GSH-PX、GSH)及代谢酶(GST、ACP)差异进行了研究.结果表明:HH1稻田生境田螺肝脏和鳃SOD、CAT、GSH-PX活性均高于MH63稻田,其中SOD和CAT活性差异极显著(p＜0.01);肝脏GSH含量和GST活性在HH1和MH63稻田生境中差异不显著;HH1稻田生境中田螺肝脏ACP活性显著高于MH63稻田生境组(p＜0.01).对于MH63C和MH63组,MH63C稻田生境田螺肝脏中SOD、CAT和GST活性均显著提高,而鳃GSH-PX、GST活性和GSH含量在MH63C生境组表现为明显提高.由此可见,转Bt水稻生境可提高田螺抗氧化能力,对解毒酶系统活性没有明显影响,即对田螺未产生明显的毒副作用;而施用农药明显激活田螺抗氧化系统和解毒代谢酶活性.     

五种海洋微藻脂肪酸存在形式的初步研究

对五种海洋微藻的脂类组成进行了测定,微藻在确定的条件下生长,分别于指数生长前期和稳定期收获,采用超声波萃取法提取脂肪酸,应用GC及GC-MS技术进行定量和定性分析。结果表明,在两个时期取得的同种藻体中,各主要脂类化合物的量存在明显变化。由此可以看出,实验藻体中多数脂肪酸都参与组成储能物质;多不饱和脂肪酸主要是以储能物质形式存在,在细胞膜中存在较少。     

一株Diaphorobacter属细菌对苯酚的降解特性和代谢途径

Diaphorobacter sp.ZW12菌株具有较高的苯酚耐受性和降解能力,通过摇瓶培养在以苯酚为唯一碳源的基本培养基中考察该菌株对苯酚的耐受性和苯酚降解特性。结果表明,该菌株能在苯酚浓度为4.0g/L的培养基中生长,完全降解苯酚的最高浓度可达3.0g/L。其最适生长pH、生长温度和代谢温度分别是pH7.0、33℃和30℃。利用苯酚羟化酶基因(Lph)、邻苯二酚-1,2-加氧酶基因(C12O)和邻苯二酚-2,3-加氧酶基因(C23O)特异性引物对ZW12总DNA进行PCR扩增,结果Lph基因和C23O基因PCR扩增阳性、C12O基因扩增呈阴性,表明ZW12对苯酚的代谢是通过C23O途径进行的。     

能源消费产生的SO_2和工业烟尘排放量时空演变分析

能源消费产生的大气污染问题已严重危及人类的生存和发展,研究我国空气污染的时空变化,关系到国计民生问题。论文利用重心模型研究发现:①如果以1990年的SO2污染物重心(113.83°E、34.03°N)为起点,17 a来我国SO2污染物重心差不多是沿西南45°方向运动;②如果以1990年的烟尘污染物重心(115.52°E、36.18°N)为起点,17 a来我国烟尘污染物重心差不多是沿西南45°方向运动;③上述两大污染物运动规律是由于17 a来我国能源消费重心差不多也是沿西南45°方向运动,同时还与中西部地区技术水平落后有关。     

基于物质流分析的密云水库上游流域磷循环特征

运用物质流分析方法,对北京市地表饮用水源地--密云水库流域进行了磷循环特征的研究;分析了研究区域内种植业、畜牧业、人口和简单子系统内部及子系统间的磷输入输出状况,以及系统整体的代谢效率特征,讨论了流域水体磷污染负荷的影响因素.研究结果表明:①化肥、饲料添加剂和农药是流域磷输入的主要来源,占直接物质磷输入总量的52.9%;整个系统向环境输入磷2868.44t,其中的26.5%直接进入水体.②在水体磷负荷中,畜牧业系统的贡献最大,为1800.26 t,达到输出总量的82%,其次为种植业系统,占9.4%.③系统整体结构不协调.呈现单向和开放状态.研究区种植业系统运行出现磷亏缺,并具有区域性和不均衡性的特点;而畜牧业系统则出现磷盈余,整体结构不协调;畜禽的排泄物未能得到有效处置和循环再生,其中进入水体的量占畜禽粪尿磷总量的40.9%,从而造成严重的资源浪费和广泛的生态环境影响.④水体污染负荷与城市化率密切相关.     

Kinetic analysis and bacterium metabolization of α-pinene by a novel identified Pseudomonas sp. strain

Biodegradation has become a popular alternative remediation technology for its economic and ecological advantages. An aerobic bacterium (strain ZW) capable of degrading αup-pinene was isolated from a biofilter by a selective enrichment. Based on the 16S rRNA gene analysis and physiochemical properties, this strain was identified as Pseudomonas veronii. Under the optimized condition achieved by the response surface methodology (RSM), as well as pH 6.82, temperature 26.3\textcelsius and NaCl concentration 1.36%, almost 100% αup-pinene could be removed within 45 hr. Enzymatic biodegradation by the crude intracellular enzyme could be described well by the Michaelis-Menten model in which the maximum degradation rate V_max and the half-saturation constant K_m were calculated to be 0.431 mmol/(L. min) and 0.169 mmol/L, respectively. Activity assay of catechol suggested that the strain ZW possessed a catechol-1,2-dioxygenase and could decompose benzene-ring through ortho ring cleavage. Based on the identified intermediates by GC/MS, a new metabolic pathway was proposed, in which the final metabolites were some simpler organic and inorganic compounds. The present work demonstrated that the strain ZW would have a great application prospect for the remediation of αup-pinene-contaminated environment.     

Contrasting ecological information content in whaling archives with modern cetacean surveys for conservation planning and identification of historical distribution changes

Many species are restricted to a marginal or suboptimal fraction of their historical range due to anthropogenic impacts, making it hard to interpret their ecological preferences from modern-day data alone. However, inferring past ecological states is limited by the availability of robust data and biases in historical archives, posing a challenge for policy makers . To highlight how historical records can be used to understand the ecological requirements of threatened species and inform conservation, we investigated sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) distribution in the Western Indian Ocean. We assessed differences in information content and habitat suitability predictions based on whale occurrence data from Yankee whaling logs (1792–1912) and from modern cetacean surveys (1995–2020). We built maximum entropy habitat suitability models containing static (bathymetry-derived) variables to compare models comprising historical-only and modern-only data. Using both historical and modern habitat suitability predictions  we assessed marine protected area (MPA) placement by contrasting suitability in- and outside MPAs. The historical model predicted high habitat suitability in shelf and coastal regions near continents and islands, whereas the modern model predicted a less coastal distribution with high habitat suitability more restricted to areas of steep topography. The proportion of high habitat suitability inside versus outside MPAs was higher when applying the historical predictions than the modern predictions, suggesting that different marine spatial planning optimums can be reached from either data sources. Moreover, differences in relative habitat suitability predictions between eras were consistent with the historical depletion of sperm whales from coastal regions, which were easily accessed and targeted by whalers, resulting in a modern distribution limited more to steep continental margins and remote oceanic ridges. The use of historical data can provide important new insights and, through cautious interpretation, inform conservation planning and policy, for example, by identifying refugee species and regions of anticipated population recovery.     

Replacement males in the western bluebird: opportunity for paternity, chick-feeding rules, and fitness consequences of male parental care

In western bluebirds (Sialia mexicana), most pairs remain together for life and share equally in post-hatching parental care. We removed resident males of socially monogamous pairs during laying and after clutch completion to examine chick-feeding rules used by replacement males and current and future fitness consequences of paternal care. Replacement males were not infanticidal and 7 (47%) fed nestlings. Feeding replacement males and the females they joined fed at rates similar to controls. Females without a feeding replacement male compensated by feeding more themselves so that overall feeding rates were not compromised, but they reduced their brooding time. Unlike assisted females, unassisted females exhibited reduced nesting success and their 14-day-old chicks weighed less than controls. Field metabolic rates of unassisted females were 17% higher than those of control females, but the difference was not statistically significant. Older females were better able to raise young without the male's help than were yearling females. Female condition was not affected by male provisioning and unassisted females were as likely to survive to the next breeding season as assisted females. We found no future benefits of provisioning by replacement males; those that fed were no more likely to breed with the female on her subsequent attempt than were males that did not feed, and subsequent clutch sizes were not reduced for females rearing young without the male's help. These experiments suggest that male parental care increases nesting success in western bluebirds and that replacement males use an all-or-none rule to determine whether or not to feed chicks: if they are present during the fertile period they feed at typical rates; if they are not, they usually do not feed at all. Because chick-feeding by males is tied to opportunity for paternity, influences success in the current nest, and does not affect the male's future breeding success, it appears to be parental rather than mating effort. Received: 8 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 23 July 1998     

Response of a Group of Sichuan Snub-Nosed Monkeys to Commercial Logging in the Qinling Mountains, China

Abstract:  Habitat destruction is one of the greatest threats to primates worldwide. To understand the impact of forest logging on the habitat use of primates in temperate mixed forest, we compared the range, habitat used, population size, and diet of a troop (ERT) of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecus roxellana ) in the Qinling Mountains before (1989), during (1997), and after (2002–2003) commercial logging. Logging significantly changed the composition of the forest and the food supply for the troop. Some areas were heavily logged and formed patches in the forest that lacked canopy cover. The troop moved 7 km away from their original range when logging took place and returned to their original range after logging stopped, but they avoided heavily logged areas that lacked canopy cover. Their movement indicated some degree of site fidelity in this species. Diet and home range changed after logging, but the population size remained stable, which suggests that this species has some ability to adapt to habitat changes. Our results may reflect a natural flexibility in primates to adapt to the changing food resources in temperate areas with marked seasonal variations in food availability and distribution. This flexibility may have contributed to their higher degree of resilience to habitat alterations caused by human activities compared with tropical forest primates that have a more specialized diet. Our findings provide important baseline information that will help decision makers in their efforts to conserve primates, especially in temperate regions, and to sustainably manage primate habitat.     

苯并［a］芘对黑鲷肝脏GST活性的影响及其与肝脏代谢酶和胆汁代谢产物之间的变化关系

为探讨苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)暴露对鱼类的影响并筛选特异、敏感的生物标志物,研究了B[a]P对黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)肝脏谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性的影响,并分析了肝脏7-乙氧基异吩唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)、GST活性与胆汁中B[a]P典型代谢产物3-羟基-苯并[a]芘(3-OHB[a]P)3者之间及与B[a]P之间的剂量、时间-效应关系.结果显示:在B[a]P(0.5、1.0、2.0和5.0μg·L-1)暴露期间,肝脏GST活性随暴露时间总体呈"钟"形的变化趋势,在第2d时达到峰值;在第12h、1d和2d时,GST活性与B[a]P暴露浓度呈显著正相关(R12h=0.966(p<0.05)、R1d=0.953(p<0.05)、R2d=0.824(p<0.05)).与前期研究结果对比分析发现,B[a]P(0.5、1.0、2.0和5.0μg·L-1)暴露7d时,胆汁中3-OHB[a]P浓度与B[a]P暴露浓度呈显著的剂量-效应关系(R=0.943,p<0.05);黑鲷肝脏GST、EROD活性与3-OHB[a]P的对数浓度均呈显著正相关(RGST=0.740(p<0.05)、REROD=0.839(p<0.05));2.0μg·L-1B[a]P暴露后,黑鲷肝脏EROD、GST活性与3-OHB[a]P随暴露时间的变化趋势基本相同,但并不完全一致.鱼类肝脏EROD、GST与胆汁中B[a]P代谢产物3者之间的变化关系较为复杂,暴露浓度和时间是影响其变化的重要因素,肝脏GST和EROD活性比胆汁中代谢产物更易受其影响,在B[a]P的环境监测中代谢产物可能是一种更为可行的生物标志物.