一株Diaphorobacter属细菌对苯酚的降解特性和代谢途径

Diaphorobacter sp.ZW12菌株具有较高的苯酚耐受性和降解能力,通过摇瓶培养在以苯酚为唯一碳源的基本培养基中考察该菌株对苯酚的耐受性和苯酚降解特性。结果表明,该菌株能在苯酚浓度为4.0g/L的培养基中生长,完全降解苯酚的最高浓度可达3.0g/L。其最适生长pH、生长温度和代谢温度分别是pH7.0、33℃和30℃。利用苯酚羟化酶基因(Lph)、邻苯二酚-1,2-加氧酶基因(C12O)和邻苯二酚-2,3-加氧酶基因(C23O)特异性引物对ZW12总DNA进行PCR扩增,结果Lph基因和C23O基因PCR扩增阳性、C12O基因扩增呈阴性,表明ZW12对苯酚的代谢是通过C23O途径进行的。     

Microbial community characterization, activity analysis and purifying efficiency in a biofilter process

The growth and metabolism of microbial communities on biologically activated carbon(BAC) play a crucial role in the purification of drinking water.To gain insight into the growth and metabolic characteristics of microbial communities and the efficiency of drinking water treatment in a BAC filter,we analyzed the heterotrophic plate count(HPC),phospholipid,dehydrogenase,metabolic function and water quality parameters during start-up and steady-state periods.In the start-up process of the filter with natural biofilm colonization,the variation in heterotrophic plate count levels was S-curved.The total phospholipid level was very low during the first 5 days and reached a maximum value after 40 days in the filter.The activity of dehydrogenase gradually increased during the first 30 days and then reached a plateau.The functional diversity of the microbial community in the filter increased,and then reached a relatively stable level by day 40.After an initial decrease,which was followed by an increase,the removal rate of NH4+-N and COD Mn became stable and was 80% and 28%,respectively,by day 40.The consumption rate of dissolved oxygen reached a steady level after 29 days,and remained at 18%.At the steady operation state,the levels of HPC,phospholipid,dehydrogenase activity and carbon source utilization had no significant differences after 6 months compared to levels measured on day 40.The filter was shown to be effective in removing NH4+-N,NO2--N,COD Mn,UV 254,biodegradable dissolved organic carbon and trace organic pollutants from the influent.Our results suggest that understanding changes in the growth and metabolism of microorganisms in BAC filter could help to improve the efficiency of biological treatment of drinking water.     

过量氮输入对寡营养海水细菌群落代谢潜力的影响

细菌在海洋氮循环中起关键作用,而过量氮输入对细菌群落代谢潜力的影响还未被充分阐明.本研究通过构建3组寡营养海水生态微宇宙,包括对照组、一次性输入组(一次性输入硝酸盐使体系中硝氮浓度为1.0 mg·L-1)和连续性输入组(每隔2 d输入一次硝酸盐,使体系中硝氮浓度每次增加0.125 mg·L-1,直至与一次性输入组达到相同水平),利用Biolog-Eco板技术和16S rDNA PICRUSt(Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states)功能基因预测,研究过量氮输入下细菌群落代谢潜力的动态变化.结果表明,实验第16 d,氮的连续性输入提高了细菌群落的碳源利用能力,对照和连续性输入组中碳源利用特征随采样时间发生了显著变化.此外,预测到的功能基因家族组成随时间明显变化,并与亚硝酸盐、铵盐、磷酸盐、化学需氧量、溶解氧、pH和总磷密切相关,固氮、异化硝酸盐还原、反硝化、异化硝酸盐还原到铵和同化硝酸盐还原相关基因的相对丰度受到了氮输入的影响,而氮连续输入导致的氮代谢相关基因变化较一次性输入更为普遍.本研究初步揭示了过量氮输入对寡营养海水细菌群落代谢潜力的影响,为探明近岸海域过量氮输入的微生态效应提供了基础数据.     

双SBR脱氮除磷工艺的数学模型分析

应用ASM2和Delft代谢模型,结合双SBR(A2-SBR)脱氮除磷系统的特点,建立了数学模拟器,并将其运用于双SBR脱氮除磷系统运行特性的动力学分析.主要探讨了不同泥龄、碳氮比、碳磷比对系统的影响,并从模型的角度进行了分析.结果表明,利用ASM2和Delft代谢模型结合所建立的数学模拟器可以对双SBR(A2-SBR)脱氮除磷系统进行模拟.双SBR中具有脱氮除磷功能的A2-SBR的运行参数是关键因素,最佳污泥龄为9～12d时,碳氮比为3.75左右,碳磷比大于15条件下,双SBR运行正常,能得到较好的处理效果.当系统在泥龄大于12d条件下运行时,由于PAO储存了大量的聚合态磷(XPP/XPAO接近0.5)造成除磷效率降低.同样的原因也导致了碳磷比值低于15时,PAO的聚磷反应变慢或停止.     

MAX-Ⅱ气体代谢分析仪测试参数及其意义的分析

MAX-Ⅱ气体代谢分析系统是目前在体育科研、康复和教育机构广泛使用的对人体心肺功能进行监测评价的实验仪器。该分析系统组成复杂,可测试参数较多,具有较为强大的功能。为了充分开发该设备的使用价值,对其测试参数及重要参数的意义进行了总结和分析,期待发挥其在实践中的重要作用。     

Testing for thresholds of ecosystem collapse in seagrass meadows

Although the public desire for healthy environments is clear‐cut, the science and management of ecosystem health has not been as simple. Ecological systems can be dynamic and can shift abruptly from one ecosystem state to another. Such unpredictable shifts result when ecological thresholds are crossed; that is, small cumulative increases in an environmental stressor drive a much greater change than could be predicted from linear effects, suggesting an unforeseen tipping point is crossed. In coastal waters, broad‐scale seagrass loss often occurs as a sudden event associated with human‐driven nutrient enrichment (eutrophication). We tested whether the response of seagrass ecosystems to coastal nutrient enrichment is subject to a threshold effect. We exposed seagrass plots to different levels of nutrient enrichment (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) for 10 months and measured net production. Seagrass response exhibited a threshold pattern when nutrient enrichment exceeded moderate levels: there was an abrupt and large shift from positive to negative net leaf production (from approximately 0.04 leaf production to 0.02 leaf loss per day). Epiphyte load also increased as nutrient enrichment increased, which may have driven the shift in leaf production. Inadvertently crossing such thresholds, as can occur through ineffective management of land‐derived inputs such as wastewater and stormwater runoff along urbanized coasts, may account for the widely observed sudden loss of seagrass meadows. Identification of tipping points may improve not only adaptive‐management monitoring that seeks to avoid threshold effects, but also restoration approaches in systems that have crossed them.     

A simple individual model for simulating weight gain dynamics in response to intake rate and daily behavior

It is often necessary to estimate the weight that an individual may be capable of gaining depending on its degree of activity. A simple individual-based model was developed for studying the dynamics of weight in terms of daily behavior and ingestion rate. It was based on the balance between the individual's energy intake and the cost of its daily activities. Costs depend on the weight of the individual and the photoperiod, as well as on the time spent on each activity. Different combinations of ingestion rate, individual's weight, photoperiod length, and time assigned to different activities were used for simulating the weight dynamics, taking the species Rhea americana as a study case. Estimations of energetic costs of the activities were obtained from specialized literature. Using different photoperiods and individual behaviors, the model yields field metabolic rate (FMR) values in agreement with those obtained from direct measurements for other omnivorous bird species.     

热光法测量扬尘碳组分的激光分割点偏移

为探讨热光法测量扬尘碳组分的激光分割点偏移（LSPS）的特点和原因,并提出偏移数据的处理方法,选择西宁市、沈阳市、淄博市、十堰市和新疆乌昌石地区共607个扬尘（道路扬尘、城市二次扬尘、土壤扬尘）样品,通过再悬浮采样器获取PM_2.5滤膜样品,使用DRI2001A型碳分析仪结合透射法测量碳组分.结果表明：道路扬尘和城市二次扬尘在碳分析过程中会有不超过10%的样品发生前偏现象,该现象主要受碳酸盐碳（CC）和元素组分的影响;当CC占总碳（TC）的百分比大于9%时,加酸方法可解决前偏问题.土壤扬尘中有40%~90%的样品会发生后偏现象,原因是其元素碳（EC）含量过低（EC/TC<10.7%）,导致灼烧过程残留的耐热物质Fe₂O₃对激光的干扰大于EC对激光的吸收.针对以上偏移问题,采用归零法和替代法对偏移数据进行处理.基于与参比值比较,归零法和替代法得到的OC相对偏差分别为0.1%~10.3%和0.1%~2.9%,EC相对偏差分别为2.1%~52.5%和0.1%~20.6%,远低于偏移引起的相对偏差（0.6%~13.8%和66.6%~149.6%）,且替代法处理效果优于归零法.     

人工湿地空气微生物群落碳源代谢特征

采用BIOLOG-GN微平板分析自由表面流人工湿地空气微生物群落碳源代谢特征,阐明空气微生物群落代谢功能与环境因子相关性.结果表明,不同季节人工湿地空气微生物AWCD值、优势群落及Mc Intosh指数均存在差异,春季和夏季空气微生物碳源代谢强度明显高于秋季和冬季(P0.01);4个季节人工湿地空气微生物优势群落依次为羧酸类代谢群落、糖类代谢群落、聚合物类代谢群落和羧酸类代谢群落,夏季空气微生物对6类化合物的利用水平高于其他季节(P0.05).主成分分析显示,秋季和冬季空气微生物碳源代谢特征相似,但与春季和夏季差别较大,胺类是区分人工湿地夏季与春季、秋季和冬季的主要碳源类型,羧酸类是区分春季与秋季和冬季空气微生物代谢差异的主要碳源类型.不同季节人工湿地空气微生物群落结构主导影响因子存在差异.     

The Future of Tropical Species on a Warmer Planet

Abstract: Modern global temperature and land cover and projected future temperatures suggest that tropical forest species will be particularly sensitive to global warming. Given a moderate greenhouse gas emissions scenario, fully 75% of the tropical forests present in 2000 will experience mean annual temperatures in 2100 that are greater than the highest mean annual temperature that supports closed‐canopy forest today. Temperature‐sensitive species might extend their ranges to cool refuges, defined here as areas where temperatures projected for 2100 match 1960s temperatures in the modern range. Distances to such cool refuges are greatest for equatorial species and are particularly large for key tropical forest areas including the Amazon and Congo River Basins, West Africa, and the upper elevations of many tropical mountains. In sum, tropical species are likely to be particularly sensitive to global warming because they are adapted to limited geographic and seasonal variation in temperature, already lived at or near the highest temperatures on Earth before global warming began, and are often isolated from cool refuges. To illustrate these three points, we examined the distributions and habitat associations of all extant mammal species. The distance to the nearest cool refuge exceeded 1000 km for more than 20% of the tropical and less than 4% of the extratropical species with small ranges. The biological impact of global warming is likely to be as severe in the tropics as at temperate and boreal latitudes.