Growth performance and range shift of the subalpine fir (Abies fargesii) in the Qinling Mountains,China

Trees in the subalpine environment, a particularly vulnerable area being the first to reflect climate changes, are most likely to show strong effects of climate variability. The aim of this study was to identify growth responses of subalpine fir (Abies fargesii) to climate variability, and investigate range shifts along an altitudinal gradient in the subalpine region of the Qinling Mountains, China. Standard correlation functional analysis showed different growth responses of fir trees to climatic variables between north and south aspects. In the north aspect, radial growth was significantly positively correlated with temperatures in early spring (February–April) and summer (July) of the current year, while radial growth was significantly positively correlated with temperatures in November and December of the previous year and early spring (February–April) of the current year in the south aspect. Analysis of age structure distribution displayed a decrease in number of mature fir trees and an increase in number of saplings along the altitudinal gradient on both aspects. Fir saplings/seedlings only occur in the treeline environment, and this fir population was significantly younger than that at lower elevations. Thus, fir trees show different radial growth patterns in response to climatic variability between north and south aspects, and age-class distributions along the altitudinal gradient imply an upward shift in range in the subalpine region during the past century in the Qinling Mountains of China.     

Cu2＋胁迫下湿地微生物热代谢活性及Cu2＋的固定/转化率

应用微量热法结合常规分析方法,研究了桂林会仙湿地沼泽底泥和水稻田微生物在800 - 4 000 μg·g-1 Cu2＋胁迫下的热代谢活性及Cu2＋的固定/转化率。结果表明,在w（Cu2＋）为800 μg·g-1条件下,水稻田和沼泽底泥土壤微生物对Cu2＋的固定/转化率分别为44.93%和34.59%,但在w（Cu2＋）为4 000 μg·g-1 时则分别是93.16%和85.13%;Cu2＋对水稻田和沼泽底泥土壤微生物代谢活性的半抑制浓度分别为2 043和2 325 μg·g-1;水稻田土壤微生物代谢活性低于沼泽底泥,在土壤及其微生物共同作用下Cu2＋的固定/转化率随Cu2＋浓度递增而升高;在相同条件下,水稻田和沼泽底泥土壤微生物的代谢速率在α = 0.05或α = 0.01水平上显著相关。湿地土壤用途发生改变后,土壤微生物在固定/转化Cu2＋的作用上发生了明显变化。     

江苏服务业结构效益与竞争力分析—兼评偏离份额分析法的应用

在我国加入世界贸易组织和经济市场化改革不断深入的新形势下,重视发展服务业不仅对促进江苏省经济增长和解决就业问题具有重要意义,而且也是提高江苏省制造业竞争力的有效途径。运用改进后的偏离份额分析方法,以长江三角洲地区的上海市和浙江省为参照系,实证分析了1990~2002年江苏服务业的结构效益和竞争力状况。研究结果表明,江苏省服务业在增长速度和产业结构效益上略优于上海和浙江,但竞争力显著低于上海和浙江,这将是今后制约江苏服务业持续快速健康发展的重要因素。为进一步提高江苏省服务业产业结构效益和竞争力,加快服务业发展,今后应努力解决服务业的发展定位、服务业内部行业结构的调整和优化、服务业人才队伍建设和竞争力提高以及服务业的深化改革等4个方面的问题。     

宁夏黄土丘陵区农田土壤细菌海拔分布特征

研究农田土壤微生物多样性、结构与功能的海拔分布特征及其影响因子,对保护农田生态系统生物多样性具有重要意义.利用高通量测序技术对宁夏黄土丘陵区农田土壤细菌多样性、群落结构和代谢功能沿海拔分布特征及其对土壤理化性质的响应进行分析.结果表明:①土壤细菌Alpha多样性指数与海拔呈显著负相关,沿海拔呈现先降低再略升高的变化趋势.②变形菌（Proteobacteria）、放线菌（Actinobacteria）和酸杆菌（Acidobacteria）等7个菌门为优势菌群,其中5个菌群在海拔间具有极显著性差异.③二级分类水平上包括膜运输、碳水化合物代谢和氨基酸代谢等36个细菌代谢功能,其中22个在不同海拔间具有显著性差异,12个具有极显著性差异.④Pearson相关分析表明,土壤含水量、容重、pH和碳氮比对细菌Alpha多样性影响最为显著,总有机碳、全氮和全磷等土壤养分对细菌Beta多样性具有显著影响.⑤Mantel分析表明,门水平细菌群落结构受土壤含水量、总有机碳和碳氮比影响,细菌代谢功能与土壤pH、总有机碳、全氮、全磷和碳氮比均有显著相关性.方差分解分析显示土壤含水量对群落结构解释度最高,pH对代谢功能解释度最高.由此可知,土壤含水量和pH是影响宁夏黄土丘陵区农田土壤细菌多样性、群落组成和代谢功能的主要土壤因子.     

Effects of climate change and anthropogenic activity on ranges of vertebrate species endemic to the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau over 40 years

Over the past 40 years, the climate has been changing and human disturbance has increased in the vast Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). These 2 factors are expected to affect the distribution of a large number of endemic vertebrate species. However, quantitative relationships between range shifts and climate change and human disturbance of these species in the QTP have rarely been evaluated. We used occurrence records of 19 terrestrial vertebrate species (birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles) occurring in the QTP from 1980 to 2020 to quantify the effects of climate change and anthropogenic impacts on the distribution of these 4 taxonomic groups and estimated species range changes in each species. The trend in distribution changes differed among the taxonomic groups, although, generally, ranges shifted to central QTP. Climate change contributed more to range variation than human disturbance (the sum of the 4 climatic variables contributed more than the sum of the 4 human disturbance variables for all 4 taxonomic groups). Suitable geographic range increased for most mammals, amphibians, and reptiles (+27.6%, +18.4%, and +27.8% on average, respectively), whereas for birds range decreased on average by 0.9%. Quantitative evidence for climate change and human disturbance associations with range changes for endemic vertebrate species in the QTP can provide useful insights into biodiversity conservation under changing environments.     

Water and sectoral policies in agriculture–forest frontiers: An expanded interdisciplinary research approach

Major land use changes such as deforestation and restoration influence water resources in agriculture–forest landscapes. Changes are observed in water flows, groundwater infiltration, water quality and rainfall. Interdisciplinary water–forest research has unravelled biophysical parts of the interplay that influences forest and water resources. In this Perspective paper, we propose an expanded interdisciplinary research approach to study water and policies in agriculture–forest frontiers. The approach differs in four important aspects from previous ones: (i) a conceptual ‘frontier’ understanding; an analytical focus on (ii) agriculture and (iii) policy–water linkages; (iv) empirical attention to northern and southern countries. The approach is put into practice with the “Pendulum” framework, with interventions and the agriculture–forest frontier oscillating over time between exploitation and restoration. Through the approach, a better understanding will be provided on the dynamic interplay of water and policies in oscillating agriculture–forest frontiers, with changing outcomes for people and environment.     

富营养化浅水湖泊稳态转换理论与生态恢复探讨

从清水稳态与浊水稳态转换的过程、稳态阈值、稳态恢复力等方面介绍了浅水湖泊的稳态转换理论,总结了浊水稳态与清水稳态恢复力的影响因素,以及清水稳态与浊水稳态相互转换的驱动力,分析了富营养化引起的植物群落演替和稳态转换的过程.根据稳态转换理论和太湖五里湖的生态恢复实践,提出以改善生境条件为稳态转换驱动力进行生态恢复,并阐述了降低营养盐浓度、提高水体透明度、清除某些鱼类、改善基底、调节水位、软围隔消浪等生境改善措施.      

4-硝基酚的污泥减量化作用及对污泥性质的影响

为了有效减少活性污泥法中剩余污泥的产生,采用解偶联剂4-硝基酚对活性污泥工艺中的剩余污泥进行减量化研究。研究了4-硝基酚对污泥的增长速率、基质去除率以及污泥性质的影响。结果表明:4-硝基酚对污泥的减量化作用明显,在对微生物解偶联的过程中并不影响微生物对基质的利用能力;对出水中的氨氮影响甚小,总氮、总磷浓度有轻微的升高。4-硝基酚能够刺激污泥中微生物的活性,比耗氧速率增加,促进能量解偶联,从而降低污泥产率。4-硝基酚使污泥中微生物的群落结构发生了轻微的变化,但对污泥的松散程度和絮凝沉降性能影响甚小。     

Tipping Points in the Arctic: Eyeballing or Statistical Significance?

Arctic ecosystems have experienced and are projected to experience continued large increases in temperature and declines in sea ice cover. It has been hypothesized that small changes in ecosystem drivers can fundamentally alter ecosystem functioning, and that this might be particularly pronounced for Arctic ecosystems. We present a suite of simple statistical analyses to identify changes in the statistical properties of data, emphasizing that changes in the standard error should be considered in addition to changes in mean properties. The methods are exemplified using sea ice extent, and suggest that the loss rate of sea ice accelerated by factor of ~5 in 1996, as reported in other studies, but increases in random fluctuations, as an early warning signal, were observed already in 1990. We recommend to employ the proposed methods more systematically for analyzing tipping points to document effects of climate change in the Arctic.     

上海地区酸雨类型格局转变研究

采用STARS(Sequentialt-test analysis of regime shifts),以降水中SO24-、NO3-以及SO42-/NO3-为指标,研究了上海地区酸雨类型在1991～2006年的格局转变规律。上海地区降水中SO42-含量在1991～2006年具有两种格局,2004年发生转变;转变前的SO42-含量平均12.670mg/L,转变后SO42-含量大幅度降低,平均6.525mg/L;降水中NO3-含量存在3种格局,两次转变;1996年转变前的NO3-浓度相对较低,平均1.842mg/L;此次转变后升高,平均2.622mg/L;2005年再次发生转变,使得NO3-含量下降,平均1.998mg/L;与NO3-含量的格局类似,SO24-/NO3-也存在着3种格局,两次转变;1995年转变前,SO42-/NO3-平均7.316;此次格局转变后,SO42-/NO3-降为5.666;2000年的格局转变中SO24-/NO3-降为3.635。表明NO3-对酸雨的贡献逐渐增加,SO42-对酸雨的贡献逐渐减弱,酸雨类型逐渐由硫酸型酸雨过渡成硫酸和硝酸混合型酸雨,并逐渐接近硝酸型酸雨。上海地区酸雨类型格...