官厅水库上游河流营养物参照状态的制定

采用参照河流百分位法、一般河流百分位法和多元线性回归法,制定了官厅水库上游流域河流雨季和旱季的营养物参照状态,探讨季风气候对河流营养物参照状态的季节性影响,并识别影响官厅水库上游河流营养物浓度的主要人类活动.结果表明：参照河流点和一般河流点总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）浓度在雨季和旱季均表现出明显的季节性差异.参照河流百分位法、一般河流百分位法和多元线性回归法制定的营养物参照状态在雨季和旱季也均存在季节性差异,取3种方法的平均值作为官厅水库上游河流的营养物参照状态：TN在雨季和旱季参照状态的建议值分别为1.580和1.672mg/L; TP在雨季和旱季参照状态的建议值分别为0.075和0.055mg/L.影响河流TN浓度的人类活动按贡献大小依次为：畜禽养殖污染负荷强度、耕地（坡度0~8°）比例和城市用地比例.影响河流TP浓度的人类活动按贡献大小依次为：耕地（坡度0~8°）比例和畜禽养殖污染负荷强度.     

旋翼结冰对直升机悬停性能影响的数值分析

目的 研究旋翼结冰对直升机悬停性能的影响。方法 选取具有充分试验数据的UH-1H直升机为算例,采用Fluent计算旋翼流场,将收敛后的流场文件导入Fensap-ICE中进行水滴撞击和结冰计算,得到结冰后的旋翼外形后,再采用Fluent计算旋翼流场,从而分析旋翼结冰对直升机悬停性能的影响。结果 通过改变结冰条件,分析了不同结冰条件对直升机悬停效率的影响,表明旋翼结冰会显著降低直升机的悬停效率,且随着结冰时间、水滴平均直径(MVD)和液态水含量(LWC)的增大,直升机的悬停效率逐渐降低。结论 不同结冰条件对直升机悬停效率下降趋势的影响不同,随着结冰时间的增大,悬停效率基本呈线性下降,而随着MVD和LWC的增大,悬停效率的下降趋势逐渐变缓,下降幅度逐渐减小。     

长江三角洲初冬一次重污染天气成因分析

利用站点气象和PM_2.5资料以及NCEP的全球再分析数据集研究了2015年12月17~28日长江三角洲地区一次重污染天气过程.结果表明：地面弱气压场是此次污染事件发生发展的主要天气背景,而冷空气带来的大风使PM_2.5浓度迅速下降,有效清除了PM_2.5.区域热力因子和动力因子分析发现,此次过程中大气中低层层结稳定、近地面逆温强,有利于PM_2.5和水汽的累积,使其浓度水平升高;对于动力因子来说,较小的通风率和较低的边界层高度不利于污染物扩散,同样使PM_2.5浓度上升.两者相比,热力因子对PM_2.5浓度值的贡献比动力因子大.结合后向轨迹和排放源分布发现,此次污染过程中长江三角洲地区的PM_2.5主要受来自其西北方向的大陆气团（占46%左右）的影响,这些气团途经高污染排放源并把污染物远距离传输至长江三角洲地区.最后利用PSCF和CWT对长江三角洲地区污染物的潜在来源进行了分析,发现PM_2.5的来源主要集中在安徽、河南、山西、山东以及长江三角洲本地,说明此次过程中长江三角洲地区的污染物浓度受到远距离输送和局地过程的共同影响.     

Working conditions and sleepiness while driving among truck drivers

Objective: The objective of this study is to identify the role of working conditions as predictors of sleepiness while driving among truck drivers.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among truck drivers who transported grains to Paranaguá Port, Paraná, Brazil. The truck drivers were interviewed and completed a self-administered questionnaire to collect data on sociodemographic and behavioral variables, working conditions, consumption of illicit psychoactive substances, and sleep patterns. Drivers were considered to be sleepy while driving if they reported a medium or high probability of napping while driving at night, during the daytime, or while stopped in traffic. The statistical analysis used logistic regression models progressively adjusted for age, behavioral variables, sleep duration, and other working conditions.

Results: In total, 670 male drivers, with a mean age of 41.9 (±11.1) years, were enrolled. The prevalence of sleepiness while driving was 31.5%. After model adjustments, the following working conditions were associated with sleepiness while driving: Distance from the last shipment of more than 1,000?km (odds ratio [OR]?=?1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–2.23) and a formal labor contract with a productivity-based salary (OR = 2.65; 95% CI, 1.86–3.78). Consumption of illicit psychoactive substances (OR = 1.99; 95% CI, 1.14–3.47) was also associated with sleepiness while driving.

Conclusions: Distance traveled and a formal labor contract with productivity-based earnings were the working conditions associated with sleepiness while driving, regardless of other working or behavioral characteristics, age, consumption of illicit psychoactive substances, and sleep duration.     

Multicriteria ranking of workplaces regarding working conditions in a mining company

Ranking of workplaces with respect to working conditions is very significant for each company. It indicates the positions where employees are most exposed to adverse effects resulting from the working environment, which endangers their health. This article presents the results obtained for 12 different production workplaces in the copper mining and smelting complex RTB Bor – ‘Veliki Krivelj’ open pit, based on six parameters measured regularly which defined the following working environment conditions: air temperature, light, noise, dustiness, chemical hazards and vibrations. The ranking of workplaces has been performed by PROMETHEE/GAIA. Additional optimization of workplaces is done by PROMETHEE V with the given limits related to maximum permitted values for working environment parameters. The obtained results indicate that the most difficult workplace is on the excavation location (excavator operator). This method can be successfully used for solving similar kinds of problems, in order to improve working conditions.     

过氧化氢除藻及相关环境条件优化

采用室内培养的方式,通过正交试验研究了H_2O_2质量浓度、光照、pH值和温度4个因素复合作用对铜绿微囊藻去除的影响。结果表明,在所设置的各因素梯度范围内,对去除铜绿微囊藻影响最大的因素是H_2O_2质量浓度;光照和pH值对藻细胞数和叶绿素a的去除,以及H_2O_2残留量的影响各不相同;温度对藻细胞数的影响最小,对H_2O_2残留量的影响较小,对叶绿素a质量浓度的影响较大。除藻的最佳组合为A_1B_2C_3D_2,即光照为1 500 lx,H_2O_2质量浓度为50mg/L,pH值为8.5,温度为25℃。     

Mainstreaming investments in watershed services to enhance water security: Barriers and opportunities

Watersheds are under increasing pressure worldwide, as expanding human activities coupled with global climate change threaten the water security of people downstream. In response, some communities have initiated investments in watershed services (IWS), a general term for policy-finance mechanisms that mitigate diverse watershed threats and promote ecosystem-based adaptation. Here, we explore the potential for increasing the uptake and impact of IWS, evaluating what limits its application and how institutional, financial, and informational barriers can be overcome. Our analysis complements the growing literature on individual programs by identifying levers at regional and global scales. We conclude that mainstreaming IWS as a cost-effective strategy alongside engineered approaches will require advances that (i) lower institutional barriers to implementation and participation in IWS; (ii) introduce structural market changes and standards of practice that account for the value of watersheds’ natural capital; (iii) develop practical tools and metrics of IWS costs and benefits; and (iv) share success stories of replicable institutional and financial models applied in varied contexts.     

Present Development Situation of Transgenic Crops and Effect on Ecological Environment

In recent years, genetic engineering technology has been playing a great role in improving crops. As far as property is concerned, transgenic crops are mainly classified into three types. One is anti-herbicide crops; next is anti-disease and anti-insect pest transgenic crops. The third is high added-value transgenic crops, such as insulin tomatoes China has cultivated. We have successfully expressed hepatitis B virus surface antigen genes in tomatoes and potatoes. Besides, scientists have al…     

西安一次霾重污染过程大气环境特征及气象条件影响分析

利用西安区域8个气象站点的气象观测资料及西安市13个环境质量监测站点的空气污染物浓度监测资料,对2013年12月16—25日西安地区一次长时间重污染霾天气过程的污染特征及成因进行了分析.结果表明此次霾重污染天气过程主要是一次在不利气象条件下形成的高浓度颗粒物污染事件,其中有54.6%的霾属于干霾,其余属于湿霾.气压场偏弱,气压梯度力小,风速小,弱冷空气形成的下冷上暖的稳定性层结等天气形势有利于霾重污染的形成与维持;弱的降温与相对湿度增大叠加,有利于气溶胶吸湿增长而加重霾的强度.关中盆地特有的喇叭口地形通风不畅,造成外来输送与当地排放的大量污染物堆积,为此次长时间霾发生提供了增强条件.低的混合层厚度抑制了垂直方向上的对流输送,严重削弱了大气垂直扩散能力,造成了大气中各类污染物浓度的大量积聚,是造成此次霾重污染过程的重要原因之一.城市污染加重热岛效应、热岛效应反过来通过热岛环流改变城市污染物传播扩散规律并加重污染,二者相互作用、互为增强条件.     

利用新型组合填料的生物滴滤塔净化混合废气研究

建立了生物滴滤中试装置,并将前期研发的纹翼多面球和空心多面柱作为组合填料,以甲苯和乙醇混合气为废气,研究了组合填料生物滴滤塔的污染物去除性能.结果表明,装有组合填料的生物滴滤塔能在8 d内完成挂膜,稳定运行时对甲苯和乙醇的去除负荷分别为97.14 g·(m3·h)~(-1)和113.10 g·(m3·h)~(-1).空床停留时间(EBRT)和进气浓度对甲苯去除效果影响明显,当EBRT为21.11 s,甲苯和乙醇最大去除负荷分别为123.34 g·(m3·h)~(-1)和206.36 g·(m3·h)~(-1);受营养液喷淋量影响不明显,本系统最佳液气比为6.82 L·m~(-3).模拟了不稳定工况对系统处理效果的影响,用Na OH溶液减轻填料层堵塞效果明显,并可以3 d内恢复对甲苯和乙醇的去除效果;停运10 d后继续运行,净化性能可迅速恢复.