土壤重金属污染对蚯蚓（Opisthopora）影响的研究

研究了重金属污染区蚯蚓的群落结构、污染指示种类、以及污染影响的毒理指标．结果表明：随着重金属污染程度的增加，蚯蚓种类减少，蚯蚓体内重金属元素富集量增加．蚯蚓毒理实验表明：Ｃｄ中毒后过氧化物同工酶活性增加，脂酶同工酶活性减弱．Ｐｂ中毒后蚯蚓过氧化物酶和脂酶同工酶活性均增加．     

Comparative evaluation of processes for heavy metal removal from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄｔｈａｔｍｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌｓｏｌｉｄｗａｓｔｅｉｎｃｉｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｆｌｙａｓｈ（ＭＳＷＦＡ）ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｂｌｅａｍｏｕｎｔｓｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓ（Ｂｅｒｇ，１...     

不同粒径污泥生物质炭对水体中Zn污染的吸附效应研究

为了探究3种不同粒径的污泥生物质炭(S1:大粒径 0.165 mm;S2:中粒径为0.025～0.165 mm;S3:小粒径0.025 mm)对Zn的吸附效率和固化稳定的机理,以此为污泥生物质炭在水污染控制方面的应用提供科学依据.利用实验室模拟法,研究不同反应时间、溶液初始pH和重金属浓度对生物炭吸附效果的影响,并运用四步萃取法分析生物炭上Zn的吸附形态.结果表明:①生物炭在4 h左右达到吸附平衡,吸附率呈先增加后平缓的趋势,最终吸附量S1S2S3;②溶液初始浓度为0～2 mmol·L~(-1)时Zn~(2+)的吸附量呈线性增长趋势,但随溶液浓度超过2 mmol·L~(-1)时吸附量开始趋于饱和;③3种不同粒径生物炭的水溶性组分Zn分别占总萃取量的1.70%、5.02%和7.47%,可交换态组分分别占25.27%、32.35%和27.29%,酸溶性组分分别占35.06%、38.63%和27.90%,非生物利用组分分别占37.97%、24.00%和37.34%.④污泥生物质炭的动力学吸附特征更符合准二级动力学吸附模型,单位质量的污泥生物质炭粒径越小吸附量越大;⑤污泥生物质炭的等温吸附特征更符合Langmuir模型,小粒径的生物质炭最大吸附量最优;⑥在酸性条件下随着pH的上升污泥生物质炭的吸附率在逐渐增加,碱性条件下吸附率的增加可能是形成锌的络合物沉淀导致的;⑦Zn的吸附形态以酸溶性和非生物利用态为主,水溶性占比较小.污泥生物质炭对Zn的吸附以化学吸附为主,S1吸附的Zn酸溶性组分和非生物利用组分占比最大,吸附效果较为稳定.     

含氯有机物非生物降解方法的最新研究进展

通过介绍目前国际上对含氯有机物的非生物降解方法的最新研究成果,包括零价金属还原、金属组合体系还原脱氯、含铁化合物还原降解、催化加氢还原以及机械化学方法等.分析了每种技术的具体应用和存在的问题以及这些处理方法的发展方向等.     

利用磁信息研究潮滩重金属污染的探讨

本文以长江口潮滩沉积物的系统磁性测量为基础,对照化学分析和粒度分析等数据,初步探讨了潮滩沉积物的磁性特征与重金属元素含量的相关联系及其机理,建立了重金属元素含量与磁参数的定量关系模型,并揭示了长江口潮滩重金属污染的空间特征及其与沉积环境的联系。本项工作成功地探索了利用磁信息研究潮滩重金属污染的技术路线和应用前景,指出了在一定区域内,利用适量样品的磁性测量与重金属元素分析数据,建立其定量回归模型的可行性。从而可以在区域污染调查中,通过广泛的磁数据测量,由经验公式定量地估算不同滩地部分的重金属元素含量,以全面了解潮滩重金属污染的空间分布,分析其规律和机理。由于磁测方法具有快速、简便、经济、易行等特点,它为大范围的潮滩重金属污染研究提供了一项实用有效的辅助手段。     

Trace metal emissions from co-combustion of refuse derived and packaging derived fuels in a circulating fluidized bed boiler

Energy recovery from refuse derived fuels (RDF) and packaging derived fuels (PDF) is one option in integrated waste management. Nine RDF and PDF co-combustion tests with peat and coal in a circulating fluidized bed boiler were carried out in this work. Heavy metal emissions in flue gas and fly ash were measured. Multivariate data analyses were used to find out the most important parameters affecting metal emissions in the flue gas.

The results showed that total heavy metal emissions were low. Although RDF and PDF had more heavy metals than peat and coal, the multivariate data analysis showed that an increase of the RDF or PDF share in the fuel mixture up to 20% did not correlate directly with the metal emissions in the flue gas. Distribution of Cd, Cu, Zn and Sn between flue gas and fly ash correlated with each other. Injection of limestone to bind sulphur and chlorine did not have a significant effect on heavy metal emissions in the flue gas. Heavy metals concentrated on the fly ash, but all fly ashes passed the EPA-TCLP tests.     

负载氧化镧的活性炭还原NO的研究

稀土金属具有一些特殊的性能,这使得其对碳质材料还原NO的反应可能表现出特殊的催化效果,而此方面的研究没有报道.为了研究稀土金属对活性炭还原NO反应的催化效果,采用浸渍法制备了负载氧化镧的活性炭颗粒(La/C),并在无氧的固定床反应器中进行了程序升温反应和等温反应,考察了气体流量、NO的入口浓度、反应温度和氧化镧负载量对反应活性的影响,同时对反应机理和动力学进行了初步探讨.研究结果表明负载氧化镧的活性炭还原NO的反应是一级反应.由于炭表面3%(质量分数)的氧化镧的存在,C-NO反应的起始反应温度从500 ℃降低到300 ℃,反应活性大大提高,反应活化能从88.95 kJ/mol降低到51.05 kJ/mol.氧化镧的负载量对反应活性有重要影响,但负载量的大量增加对反应活性的提高效果甚微,最佳负载量为1.5%.La/C体系在反应中较稳定,而反应温度的升高对其稳定性不利.     

机械工业废水中重金属离子的处理工艺研究

研究了过氧化钙处理剂对机械工业废水中重金属离子锰、铜、锌、铬的处理工艺，以及过滤方法对重金属离子去除率的影响。处理的最佳条件为：过氧化钙用量0．1％～0．2％，处理时间30min，处理温度为室温，处理过程中不需调整pH。     

Ligand exchange rate of metal-nom complexes by EDTA

Metal complexation by natural ligands is important for metal transport and distribution in surface and ground water. The goal of the work was to study the ligand exchange rate for two important metal ions in natural aquatic systems (Al, Fe) was determined using EDTA and natural organic matter (NOM) of humic type as ligands. After adding EDTA to a solution containing metal-NOM complexes, these complexes dissociated and metal-EDTA complexes were formed. Metal-NOM complexes were separated from metal-EDTA complexes with the help of size-exclusion chromatography and detected by on-line inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Injecting the samples into the system over time after addition of EDTA allowed us to measure the rate of the exchange of NOM by EDTA. The experiments could be well described with a first-order rate law assuming that the dissociation of the metal-NOM complexes is the rate-determining step. The exchange rate of Fe was found to be faster than that of Al. This corresponds well with the exchange rate of water molecules from the coordination sphere of the metal ions, which is also faster for Fe than for Al. Furthermore, the UV and the fluorescence signal of the chromatograms were measured. The results indicate that no disaggregation of NOM molecules took place, although about 75-85% of the aggregate-forming metal ions exchanged NOM by EDTA in their coordination sphere. This suggests clearly the fundamental role of NOM in colloidal transport of metals and in their bioavailability.     

Investigation of the complexation of metal-ions by strong ligands in fresh and marine water

SCOPE: The detection and investigation of metal ions bound in strong complexes in natural waters is a difficult task, due to low concentration of the metal ions themselves, and also of the strong ligands, which, moreover, are often not of a well-defined composition. Here, a method is proposed for the investigation of the speciation of metal ions in natural waters. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD: It is based on the sorption of metal ions on strongly sorbing ion exchange resins, i.e. complexing resins. For this reason the method is called Resin Titration. It has been shown in previous investigations that the concentration of metal ion totally sorbed by a particular resin, and its reaction coefficient in the solution phase in the presence of the resin, can be determined from the sorption data using a simple relationship. Here, a data treatment (the Ruzic linearization method) is proposed for also determining the concentration of the ligands responsible for the complex in equilibrium with the resin. RESULTS: The method was applied to data obtained by Resin Titration of a freshwater and a seawater. Copper(II) and aluminium(III) were considered, using Chelex 100 as a titrant, due to its strong sorbing properties towards these metal ions. The results were: the total metal concentration in equilibrium with the resin, the side reaction coefficients, and the concentration of ligands. In all these cases the ligands forming very strong complexes were found to be at concentration lower than that of the metals. CONCLUSION: The Ruzic linearization method allows the determination of the concentration of the ligands forming very strong complexes in equilibrium with Chelex 100. The reaction coefficient was better determined by the calculation method previously proposed for RT. The ligands responsible for the strong complexes were found to be at low concentration, often lower than that of the metal ions considered. The metal in the original sample is partly bound to these ligands, since the complexes are very strong. Only a part of the metal is linked to weaker ligands, or free.