不同粒径地表街尘中重金属在径流冲刷中的迁移转化

在我国快速城市化进程中,街尘及其径流冲刷引起的重金属污染日显突出.通过对北京市城乡道路街尘及其人工降雨模拟径流冲刷过程中不同粒径街尘中重金属的分析,探讨街尘与径流冲刷过程中的粒径效应及不同重金属赋存形态的动态变化规律.结果表明,同一粒径颗粒物从"静态"街尘到"动态"径流中的颗粒物,重金属浓度呈下降趋势.街尘中重金属在径流冲刷过程中,存在溶解与解析现象,颗粒物粒径越小,减少比率越大,5种重金属(Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)的减少比率分别为24.3%、56.8%、34.3%、22.8%、27.3%.街尘中的弱酸可提取态比例要略大于径流颗粒物中弱酸可提取态比例,部分以水溶态进入水体中.在径流冲刷过程中,水相溶解态重金属变化不大,水相颗粒态重金属含量随降雨时间径流过程迅速降低.固相颗粒物的重金属浓度随降雨时间总体上呈下降趋势.粒径越小,冲刷率越大,最大为62.1%,最小为4.6%.地表街尘在径流冲刷过程中,小粒径颗粒物具有较强的迁移能力,较容易进入水体造成污染.     

鼓风机叶轮快速断裂的检测及失效分析

针对焦化厂鼓风机叶轮运行近15 d后产生穿透性裂纹、并延伸至叶轮半径2/3处的严重断裂事故,采用具有早期缺陷诊断功能的金属磁记忆新技术及其他多种手段,从宏观力学及微观机理角度对其进行综合性能评定及失效分析.研究结果表明,叶轮材料强度、韧性均过低,且韧性指标分散性大、同类型试样的韧性指标最大值与最小值之间相差3倍多;金相组织晶粒粗大,断口表现为脆性开裂.沿叶轮的断裂与非断裂面分别进行磁记忆扫描,磁场强度分析表明,断裂面内存在两处具有明显应力集中的危险源.分析表明,锻造及锻后热处理不良造成了快速疲劳断裂.最后,结合5年中3次叶轮断裂事故,对失效原因进行了相关性分析.     

采用巯基捕收剂稳定化处理垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属

研究了3种巯基捕收剂,二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠（乙硫氮）、乙基黄原酸钾（乙基黄药）和二丁基二硫代磷酰铵（丁铵黑药）,对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的稳定化效果。3种巯基捕收剂的用量均为62.5μmol?g-1飞灰。扫描电镜观察发现,飞灰经稳定化处理后,巯基捕收剂均匀地覆盖于飞灰晶体表面,使矿物晶体棱角变得模糊。利用酸浸提程序（TCLP法）和水浸提程序（水平振荡法）评价飞灰中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr和Zn的浸出毒性。在0.1mol?L-1醋酸浸提条件下,与Na2S相比,巯基捕收剂对Cu和Pb的稳定化效果较好,其中乙硫氮对Cu的稳定化比率接近100%,丁铵黑药对Pb的稳定化比率达到69.2%;在水浸提条件下,乙硫氮、乙基黄药和丁铵黑药对5种重金属的稳定化比率分别为72.6%、73.5%和76.8%,显著高于Na2S处理（52.4%）。三种巯基捕收剂对5种重金属亲和力的强弱顺序大致为Cu＞Pb＞Cr＞Cd＞Zn,并且超过60%的巯基捕收剂与酸可浸提重金属离子发生了螯合沉淀反应。重金属-巯基捕收剂絮凝物在中性和碱性条件下（pH>6）比较稳定,在酸性条件下（pH<6）可发生部分溶解。为获得较好的重金属稳定化效果,维持稳定化飞灰的高酸缓冲容量十分重要。     

Sustainability issues in sheet metal forming processes: an overview

Environmental sustainability in manufacturing is nowadays an urgent and remarkable issue and the main concerns are related to more efficient use of materials and energy.In sheet metal forming processes there is still a lack of knowledge in this field mainly due to the need of a proper modelling of sustainability issues and factors to be taken into account. The aim of this paper is mainly to underline the state of the art from a forming point of view about the sustainability contributions offered in any phase of a product life cycle. Actually, a lack in terms of comprehensive contributions is present in the technical literature, thus, the authors try to give a sort of holistic vision aimed to provide basic guidelines in order to help in identifying the possible solutions with regard to all the phases of a forming product life cycle. The main attention was paid to sheet metal forming technologies. The paper gives an overview of the main topics concerning sheet metal forming problems related to energy and resource efficiency with the aim to stress the principal contributions which may derive from such processes to environmental performances of manufacturing.     

南方重金属矿区重金属的污染特征及评价

 采用全面踏查和典型调查相结合的方法,对福建主要重金属矿区的尤溪铅锌矿、连城铅锌矿和连城锰矿不同片区重金属污染状况进行调查。结果表明：福建重金属矿区重金属污染极其严重,矿区中Mn、Zn、Pb、Cd最高含量分别达92 546、27 454、23 792和248 mg/kg,是对照区的几倍至上百倍。根据国家土壤环境质量三级标准,按照重金属单项污染指数标准进行的污染评价表明：南方重金属矿区Zn、Pb、Cd均达到重度污染标准,污染程度表现为尤溪铅锌矿区>连城铅锌矿区>连城锰矿区。按照综合污染指数评价标准,福建连城铅锌矿、连城锰矿和尤溪铅锌矿的综合污染指数也达到重度污染标准,分别是重度污染临界标准的16.5、10.6和53.6倍,不同矿区的重金属污染程度大小排序为尤溪铅锌矿区>连城铅锌矿区>连城锰矿矿区。     

Mobilities and leachabilities of heavy metals in sludge with humus soil

Chemical forms of Zn, Ni, Cu, and Pb in municipal sewage sludge were investigated by adding humus soil to sludge and by performing sequential extraction procedures. In the final sludge mixtures, Zn and Ni were mainly found in Fe/Mn oxide-bound (F3) and organic matter/sulfide-bound (F4) forms. For Zn, exchangeable (F1), carbonate-bound (F2), and F3 forms were transformed to F4 and residual forms (F5). For Ni, F1 and F2 forms were transformed to F1, F2, and F3 forms. Both Cu and Pb were strongly associated with the stable forms F4 and F5. For Cu, F2 and F3 forms were major contributors, while for Pb, F3 and F4 forms were major contributors to F5. Humus soil dosage and pH conditions in the sludge were strongly correlated with the forms of heavy metals. Five forms were used to evaluate metal mobilities in the initial and final sludge mixtures. The mobilities of the four heavy metals studied decreased after 28 days. The metal mobilities in the final sludge mixtures were ranked in the following order: Ni > Zn > Cu = Pb. Leaching tests showed that the mobilities of Zn and Ni in lower pH conditions (pH 4) were higher than those in higher pH conditions (pH 8).     

Remediation of copper polluted red soils with clay materials

Attapulgite and montmorillonite were utilized to remediate heavy metal polluted red soils in Guixi City, Jiangxi Province, China. The e ects of clay minerals on availability, chemical distribution, and biotoxicity of Cu and Zn were evaluated. The results provided a reference for the rational application of clay materials to remediate heavy metal contaminated soils. From the sorption experiment, the maximum adsorbed Cu2+ by attapulgite and montmorillonite was 1501 and 3741 mg/kg, respectively. After polluted red soil was amended with attapulgite or montmorillonite and cultured at 30 and 60 days, soil pH increased significantly compared to the control. An 8% increase in the amount of montmorillonite in soil and 30 days incubation decreased acid exchangeable Cu by 24.7% compared to the control red soil. Acid exchangeable Cu decreased with increasing amounts of attapulgite and montmorillonite, with best remediation e ect reached at a dose of 8%. Results also showed that the Cu poisoning e ect on earthworms was reduced with the addition of attapulgite and montmorillonite. Montmorillonite showed the best e ect, with the addition of a 2% dose the mortality of earthworms decreased from 60% to zero compared to the control. Our results indicated that the bioavailability of Cu in soils was reduced more e ectively with the application of montmorillonite than attapulgite.     

Comparative study of heavy metal and pathogenic bacterial contamination in sludge and manure in biogas and non-biogas swine farms

The objective of this study is to determine and compare the heavy metal (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) and bacterial (E. coli, coliform and Salmonella spp.) contamination between swine farms utilizing biogas and non-biogas systems in the central part of Thailand. Results showed that average levels of E. coli, coliform, BOD, COD, Zn, Cu and Pb in sludge from the post-biogas pond were higher than the standard limits. Moreover, the levels of E. coli, coliform, Cd and Pb were also higher than the standard limits for dry manure. The levels of E. coli, coliform and BOD on biogas farms were lower than on non-biogas farms. Following isolation of Salmonella spp:; it was found that Salmonella serovars Rissen was the most abundant at 18.46% (12/65), followed by Anatum 12.31% (8/65), and Kedougou 9.23% (6/65). The pathogenic strains of Salmonella serovars Paratyphi B var. java and Typhimurium were present in equal amounts at 4.62% (3/65) in samples from all swine farms. This study revealed that significant reduction in E. coli and coliform levels in sludge from covered lagoon biogas systems on swine farms. The presence of Salmonella as well as Cd and Pb, in significant amount in dry manure, suggests that there is a high probability of environmental contamination if it is used for agricultural purposes. Thus, careful waste and manure disposal from swine farms and the regular monitoring of wastewater is strongly recommended to ensure the safety of humans, other animals and the environment.     

Evaluation of adsorption capacities of humic acids extracted from Algerian soil on polyaniline for application to remove pollutants such as Cd(Ⅱ), Zn(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) and characterization with cavity microelectrode

The adsorption capacities of new humic acids isolated from Yakouren forest (YHA) and Sahara (Tamenrasset: THA) soils (Algeria) and commercial humic acid (PFHA) on polyaniline emeraldine base (PEB) were studied at pH 6.6. Also the adsorption of heavy metals such as Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ on humic acid-polyaniline systems (HA-PEB) was investigated at the same conditions. HA-PEB compounds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectrometry and cavity microelectrode. In addition, batch adsorption and cavity microelectrode were used in the adsorption study of Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ on HA-PEB. To develop biocaptors of polluting metals using a cavity microelectrode modified by HA-PEB systems, the adsorption kinetic and adsorption capacity were investigated. The SEM analysis showed that the presence of humic acid affected the PEB surface and caused the formation of a granular morphology. The maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of PFHA, THA and YHA determined by adsorption isotherms were 91.31, 132.1 and 151.0 mg/g, respectively. Batch adsorption results showed that qmax of Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ on HA-PEB followed the order: THA-PEB > YHA-PEB > PFHA-PEB. The voltammograms obtained with HA-PEB modified cavity microelectrode showed the appearance of new redox couples reflecting the adsorption of HA on PEB. Metal-humic acid-polyaniline voltammograms were characterized by appearance of oxidation-reduction couples or reduction wave corresponding to metal. Finally, the result may be exploited to develop a biocaptor based on the cavity microelectrode amended by THA-PEB and YHA-PEB.     

重金属离子快速检测技术研究与应用进展

在突发环境污染事件和区域生态风险筛查中迫切需要环境样品中重金属离子的快速检测技术手段。环境样品中重金属离子的快速检测技术有电化学方法和生物学方法。电化学检测方法主要是阳极溶出伏安法(AnodicStripping Voltammetry,ASV),可以同时检测多种重金属离子,有标准化认证的产品,但是检测成本相对较高。随着纳米粒子技术(Nanoparticles,NPs)和石英微天平分析技术(Quartz Crystal Microbalance,QCM)的引入,ASV法的检测成本将不断降低;生物检测方法包括免疫检测(Immunoassay,IA)和功能DNA(Functional DNA)检测技术。重金属离子的免疫检测技术样品通量大,检测成本低,已经广泛用于食品行业,其中汞离子的免疫检测方法已经成为环境样品标准检测方法之一。免疫检测传感器技术将拓展重金属离子的快速检测的应用空间。功能DNA传感器检测的研究为重金属离子的快速检测提供了新的技术手段,但是这些仅限于实验室研究,还没有达到实际应用的水平。