脲酶抑制法检测环境样品中重金属离子研究

为探索利用脲酶快速检测环境样品中重金属离子的最佳条件，系统研究了重金属和缓冲液类型及其浓度对脲酶抑制率的影响。结果表明，不同浓度缓冲液中重金属离子浓度与脲酶抑制率呈显著的相关性，表现为随着重金属离子浓度的增加，脲酶抑制率也提高。缓冲液类型和浓度均能影响重金属对脲酶的抑制作用，其中磷酸缓冲液中，无论是Hg^2 还是Cu^2 对脲酶活性均有较强的抑制作用：在柠檬酸缓冲液中2种离子对脲酶的抑制作用存在显著差异。建立脲酶抑制检测技术的关键是选择合适的缓冲系统。此结果为脲酶抑制法在快速检测重金属离子中最佳检测条件的选择提供了理论依据。     

Interfacial effects of suspended particles on biodegradation of N (2,4 dimethyl phenyl) N'' methylformamidine hydrochloride and dibutyl phthalate in waters

ＩｎｔｅｒｆａｃｉａｌｅｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｓｕｓｐｅｎｄｅｄｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓｏｎｂｉｏｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆＮ（２，４ｄｉｍｅｔｈｙｌｐｈｅｎｙｌ）Ｎ’ｍｅｔｈｙｌｆｏｒｍａｍｉｄｉｎｅｈｙｄｒｏｃｈｌｏｒｉｄｅａｎｄｄｉｂｕｔｙｌｐｈｔｈ...     

新农药环境化学行为研究(V)-—三氟羧草醚(Acifluorfen)在土壤和水环境中的滞留、转化

从如下几方面研究了三氟羧草醚在土壤－水环境中的化学行为：一是土壤对该药的吸附，结果表明，吸附强度与土壤理化特性密切相关，Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ常数ｋｆ＝０．９４Ｗｏｍ＋０．６５Ｗｃｌａｙ－９．５９ｐＨ（ｒ＾２＝０．９４）；二是吸附机理研究，发现三氟羧草醚能与碱金属以外的许多金属离子形成配合物，并证实了与ＣＵ＾２＋形成的双核桥联合物的可能性；三是实验指出它在水中避光有一定的稳定性，不易水解；四是它在〈     

典型北方高碱度微污染水体强化混凝的示范研究

以高碱度、受有机物污染的典型北方水体为例,探索适宜的强化混凝技术.在水质调查的基础上,提出适合水质特征的强化混凝目标.研究了高碱度水体强化混凝技术方法.研究表明,可以通过3条技术途径提高水体中有机物的去除效率.其一在混凝前优化pH,促进絮凝剂水解形成中聚体,AlCl3在pH 6左右,FeCl3在pH 5左右时,有机物去除率可以提高一倍左右;其二是强化沉淀软化;其三是絮凝剂优化.结合我国实际情况,通过对传统絮凝剂进行改性,研制出了适合我国北方水质特征的高效絮凝剂,能较传统絮凝剂将有机物去除率提高30%以上.     

影响土壤重金属生物毒性的若干因子

本文应用发光细菌法探讨了土壤类型、粘土矿物、无定形金属氧化物、吸附剂对重金属纯溶液以及重金属污染土壤的降毒效应.红壤、砖红壤对Cu、Cd、Pb呈现负的降毒效应,而对As具有明显的降毒作用.黑土、黄棕壤对供试阳离子金属具有明显的降毒效应,对As降毒却不明显.试验证明粘土矿物及其组成是影响土壤重金属毒性的最基本因素.无定形氧化锰对供试阳离子金属的降毒能力大于无定形氧化铁,对As的效应二者则相反.不同吸附剂对Cu、Cd、Pb呈现基本相同的降毒顺序,即炉烟灰>活性炭>泥炭>干活性污泥,不同配比吸附剂对红壤添加性阳离子和东乡铜矿污染土壤均具有明显的降毒作用.添加吸附剂的东乡铜矿污染土壤随着土壤溶液毒性的消除,随之也消除或减轻了其对水稻种芽的急性毒害.     

南京北郊冬夏季大气PM2.5中水溶性有机碳的研究

为研究南京北郊大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的浓度及来源特点,在冬、夏季分别采集PM_(2.5)样品,还同步收集臭氧(O_3)浓度与相对湿度(RH)数据,分析了PM_(2.5)、有机碳(OC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)浓度特征,并对WSOC冬、夏季来源及其二次来源差异进行了探讨.结果显示,南京北郊冬季大气污染水平明显高于夏季且来源更复杂,与冬季静稳的天气条件及化石燃料和生物质燃烧排放较严重有关.冬季PM_(2.5)平均值为(136.7±42.4)μg·m~(-3),OC、WSOC浓度分别为(13.4±4.4)、(8.5±3.1)μg·m~(-3);夏季PM_(2.5)、OC、WSOC平均浓度分别为(61.5±14.6)、(6.7±2.1)、(4.6±1.7)μg·m~(-3).冬、夏季WSOC/OC值分别为67%±20%、69%±13%,且二次有机碳(SOC)与WSOC显著正相关,说明二次来源对WSOC有显著影响.冬季WSOC与O_3的负相关性不显著,与RH显著正相关;而夏季WSOC与O_3、RH的相关性正好与冬季相反,说明冬、夏季二次WSOC形成途径存在差异.冬季二次WSOC可能主要来自液相氧化,夏季可能主要来自光化学氧化.通过主成分因子分析法进一步确定南京北郊冬、夏季WSOC分别主要来源于二次来源和生物质燃烧、汽车尾气和扬尘.     

Simultaneous determination of dissolved organic nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate and ammonia using size exclusion chromatography coupled with nitrogen detector

Accurate quantification of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) has been a challenge due to the cumulative analytical errors in the conventional method via subtracting dissolved inorganic nitrogen species (DIN) from total dissolved nitrogen (TDN). Size exclusion chromatography coupled with an organic nitrogen detector (SEC-OND) has been developed as a direct method for quantification and characterization of DON. However, the applications of SEC-OND method still subject to poor separations between DON and DIN species and unsatisfied N recoveries of macromolecules. In this study, we packed a series of SEC columns with different lengths and resin materials for separation of different N species and designed an independent vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) oxidation device for complete oxidation converting N species to nitrate. To guarantee sufficient N recoveries, the operation conditions were optimized as oxidation time ≥ 30 min, injection mass (sample concentration × injection volume) < 1000 µL × mg-N/L for macromolecular proteins, and neutral pH mobile eluent. The dissolved O₂ concentration in SEC mobile phase determined the upper limit of VUV oxidation at a specific oxidation time. Compared to conventional HW50S column (20 × 250 mm), HW40S column (20 × 350 mm) with mobile phase comprising of 1.5 g/L Na₂HPO₄·2H₂O + 2.5 g/L KH₂PO₄ (pH = 6.85) could achieve a better separation of DON, nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia. When applied to river water, lake water, wastewater effluent, groundwater, and landfill leachate, the SEC-OND method could quantify DON as well as DIN species accurately and conveniently even the DIN/TDN ratio reached 0.98.     

Insights into reactive oxygen species formation induced by water-soluble organic compounds and transition metals using spectroscopic method

Ambient particulate matter (PM) can cause adverse health effects via their ability to produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Water-Soluble Organic Compounds (WSOCs), a complex mixture of organic compounds which usually coexist with Transition Metals (TMs) in PM, have been found to contribute to ROS formation. However, the interaction between WSOCs and TMs and its effect on ROS generation are still unknown. In this study, we examined the ROS concentrations of V, Zn, Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA), Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA) and the mixtures of V/Zn and SRFA/SRHA by using a cell-free 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) assay. The results showed that V or Zn synergistically promoted ROS generated by SRFA, but had an antagonistic effect on ROS generated by SRHA. Fluorescence quenching experiments indicated that V and Zn were more prone to form stable complexes with aromatic humic acid-like component (C1) and fulvic acid-like component (C3) in SRFA and SRHA. Results suggested that the underlying mechanism involving the fulvic acid-like component in SRFA more tending to complex with TMs to facilitate ROS generation through π electron transfer. Our work showed that the complexing ability and complexing stability of atmospheric PM organics with metals could significantly affect ROS generation. It is recommended that the research deploying multiple analytical methods to quantify the impact of PM components on public health and environment is needed in the future.     

板材成形新技术及其发展趋势(Ⅱ)

介绍了多点成形技术、激光成形技术、冲压智能化技术、成形过程的计算机仿真技术等几种柔性化程度高的板材成形新技术及其发展趋势     

重金属废水的生物吸附研究进展

生物吸附处理重金属废水是目前国内外研究较多的一种处理重金属废水的方法.本文综述了目前生物吸附重金属的理论研究成果,其中包括生物吸附原料、吸附机理、平衡吸附模式和一些影响因素,提出了生物吸附应用前景和研究重点.