廉价吸附剂处理重金属离子废水的研究进展

随着现代工业的迅速发展，生产过程中排出的有害重金属离子废水日益增加。寻找较为廉价的废水净化材料，对其中有害重金属离子的有效处理已成为环境保护中亟待解决的问题。廉价吸附剂的使用取代了目前成本较高的从溶液中回收重金属离子的方法，同时吸附剂改性会大大提高其吸附量。阐述了壳聚糖、海泡石、膨润土、海藻和泥炭等结构组成、吸附和离子交换性能等，报道廉价吸附剂对一些重金属离子的最大吸附量是：796mgPb／g壳聚糖，1123mgHg／g壳聚糖。92mgcr（Ⅲ）／g壳聚糖，76mgCr（Ⅲ）／g泥炭，41mgPb／g膨润土，558mgCd／g壳聚糖，215mgCd／g海藻。由此展现了廉价吸附剂在重金属离子废水处理过程中的巨大优势和良好的发展前景。     

Poland’s environment - past,present and future state of the environment in the vistula and odra river basins

In the middle of the last century in the case of many river basins, it became obvious that the targets of the Helsinki-Commission (HELCOM) concerning a 50% reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to the Baltic Sea had not been reached. Such conclusions could be derived from the observed loads. But the measurements regarding the analysis were not sufficient to determine what the reasons for this report were, what has to be done to fulfil this agreement and to evaluate the time at which the targets can be reached. This contribution presents the current state of Polish surface water quality as well as results of modelling nutrient and heavy metal emissions into the two biggest Polish river basins: Vistula and Odra, which both cover approximately 90% of Poland's territory.     

双碱法多级雾化超重力旋转床烟气脱硫研究

多级雾化超重力旋转床是一种新型的强化传质设备 ,适合于大流量的废气处理。本文选择NaOH Ca(OH) 2双碱法烟气脱硫工艺进行了实验研究 ,考察了再生液的PH0 值、液气比及气体中的SO2 初始浓度等对脱硫率的影响     

Wet and dry epoch durations of spatially averaged rain rate,their probability distributions and scaling properties

This article is concerned with the notion of duration of wet and dry epochs in stochastic processes of spatially averaged (instantaneous) rain rate over a given region. Gamma, Lognormal, and Inverse Gaussian parametric families of probability distributions have been considered as candidate models for the distribution of such durations. Goodness of these model's fit to data of dry and wet epoch durations obtained from real time series of spatially averaged rain rate, has been tested with Pearson's -test. The parameters of each of these models have been estimated by maximum likelihood and method of moments, based on TOGA-COARE measurements of tropical rainfall. The hypotheses of independence and identical distribution (i.i.d.) among durations of dry or wet epochs have also been tested using a certain version of the Wald-Wolfowitz test. Finally, the effect of spatial scale on the moments of dry and wet epoch durations has also been investigated, pointing to self-similarity of the underlying random structures over space. The main result of this study is that among the three candidate models, Inverse Gaussian is the one conforming most adequately with all the classical testing criteria implemented here, and also with the newly established scaling behavior of both dry and wet epoch duration processes over space. This is a remarkable finding, considering that the Inverse Gaussian family has recently been also justified from a theoretical viewpoint as a reasonable model for the probability distributions of dry and wet epoch durations.     

原生质体电诱导融合构建去除重金属的高效菌

研究了采用原生质体电融合技术构建高效的重金属去除菌;对影响电融合效率的几个参数,以及融合子的生长条件、除铬性能和遗传稳定性等方面进行了考察;确定了进行电融合的最佳条件,并选出 1株最好的融合株R32. 实验结果表明:R32不论是在处理低浓度还是高浓度的铬液时,其去除率和还原率都明显高于 2株亲本菌,处理低浓度含铬废水时,去除率和还原率可达到 100%;处理高浓度含铬废水(200mgL-1 )时,还原率仍可达 50%以上. 经过多次传代后,R32的除铬能力保持稳定. 当投菌量>10gL-1 (湿重)时,其去除率和还原率都在 80%以上. 正交实验结果显示,pH和Cu2 浓度对R32的生长影响都不大,这些特点都有利于R32在实际含铬废水处理中的应用. 图 4表 3参 14     

麦饭石对Pb2+离子吸附的动力学研究

本文研究了水溶液中麦饭石对Ｐｂ＾２＋离子去除的反应动力学,考察了ＭＦＳ粒度、溶液ＰＨ值和铅离子的初始浓度对吸附反应的影响。结果表明,ＭＦＳ对Ｐｂ＾２离子具有较强的吸附性能,ＰＨ值是影响吸附的主要因素,Ｐｂ＾２＋离子吸附的最初速率与浓度符合一级反应动力学;吸附过程符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ吸附等温式;离子交换和表面络合反应是主要吸附形式。     

取代苯乙酮类有机物溶解度和分配系数的测定

本文采用产生柱法测定取代苯乙酮类有机物的水溶解度和正辛醇-水分配系数,与静态法和振荡法测定的水溶解度、摇瓶法测定的正辛醇-水分配系数相比较,证明此方法是可行的,并和分子连接性指数呈良好的相关性。     

Variations in heavy metal contamination of stream water and groundwater affected by an abandoned lead–zinc mine in Korea

This study evaluated variations in heavy metal contamination of stream waters and groundwaters affected by an abandoned lead–zinc mine, where a rockfill dam for water storage will be built 11 km downstream. For these purposes, a total of 10 rounds of stream and groundwater samplings and subsequent chemical analyses were performed during 2002–2003. Results of an exploratory investigation of stream waters in 2000 indicated substantial contamination with heavy metals including zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and arsenic (As) for at least 6 km downstream from the mine. Stream waters near the mine showed metal contamination as high as arsenic (As) 8,923 μg L⁻¹, copper (Cu) 616 μg L⁻¹, cadmium (Cd) 223 μg L⁻¹ and lead (Pb) 10,590 μg L⁻¹, which greatly exceeded the Korean stream water guidelines. Remediation focused on the mine tailing piles largely improved the stream water qualities. However, there have still been quality problems for the waters containing relatively high concentrations of As (6–174 μg L⁻¹), Cd (1–46 μg L⁻¹) and Pb (2–26 μg L⁻¹). Rainfall infiltration into the mine tailing piles resulted in an increase of heavy metals in the stream waters due to direct discharge of waste effluent, while dilution of the contaminated stream waters improved the water quality due to mixing with metal free rain waters. Levels of As, Cu and chromium (Cr) largely decreased after heavy rain but that of Pb was rather elevated. The stream waters were characterized by high concentrations of calcium (Ca) and sulfate (SO₄), which were derived from dissolution and leaching of carbonate and sulfide minerals. It was observed that the proportions of Ca and SO₄ increased while those of bicarbonate (HCO₃) and sodium and potassium (Na+K) decreased after a light rainfall event. Most interestingly, the reverse was generally detected for the groundwaters. The zinc, being the metal mined, was the most dominant heavy metal in the groundwaters (1758–10,550 μg L⁻¹) near the mine, which far exceeded the Korean standard of 1000 μg L⁻¹ for drinking water. The decreases in the heavy metals contents in the groundwaters associated with reduced rainfall were quite different from the increases observed for the stream waters, which is not clearly understood at this time and warrants further investigation.     

Environmental risk assessment of metals contaminated soils at silvermines abandoned mine site,Co Tipperary,Ireland

A centuries long history of mining and mineral processing has resulted in elevated Cd, Pb and Zn soil concentrations in the vicinity of the Silvermines abandoned mine site (AMS), Co. Tipperary, Ireland. A process for preliminary evaluation of environmental risk was developed and implemented. Potential pathways of metal compound transport and deposition were mapped and used to optimise the subsequent site investigation. Elevated soil metals are shown to be predominantly in areas where metal deposition in soil is associated with water related pathways (surface runoff, seasonal groundwater seepage and floodplains). Extensive areas of soil in the surrounding district are classified as contaminated on the basis of Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations, both total and potential bioavailable (EDTA-extractable). The most affected areas, with metal concentrations in soil comparable with that within the AMS, were floodplains located 2–3 km downstream from the site. Assessment of the sequential effects on grass and grazing animals indicates that Pb poses the greatest risk due to its high toxicity and high concentrations in soil (more than 10 000 mg kg^–1). Within floodplain areas grazing cattle may intake a lethal dose of Pb. On the basis of the investigation an approach to risk assessment was developed which allowed quantified assessment of the risks related to individual metals, areas of contamination and contamination targets.     

立柱和柱式无土栽培系统及其在生菜栽培上的应用

具溢水管 ,容积为 1L的 12只ABS塑料盆钵组装的水培立柱 ,其底部是底座 ,顶部是淋滴装置 ,总高 2 0 0cm ,直径为 15cm .按柱间距 80cm× 80cm排列在面积有A =5 40m2 的非自控玻璃温室内 ,然后再串联和并联成”树林”式栽培整体 .该整体含 6 36根立柱 ,每根立柱的最多种植量有 6 0株 ,总共种植 3816 0株 ,加地面原有种植数 10 314株 ,共有 48474株 ,此为地面原种植量的 4.7倍 .立柱被安装在地面水槽上 ,通过循环灌溉系统 (营养液 )将立柱无土栽培和地面无土栽培组合为一体 ,即谓柱式无土栽培系统 .柱式无土栽培系统全种生菜 ,育苗移栽 ,种后 40d(中后期 ) ,立柱区的光照E =6 80～ 86 0 μEm- 2 s- 1 ,高出生菜光合作用饱和点E =180～ 36 0 μEm- 2 s- 1 .立柱上的小栽培钵的一点底面接触水面 ,使苗的大部分根数生长于水面之上湿润的岩棉之中 ,良好的生长空间加上流动的水柱 ,生菜获得了水、气、肥协调的根部环境 .冬季最高气温平均为θ =2 0℃ ,最低气温平均有θ =3.3℃ ,RH =5 7%～ 71% .种后 5 3d(生长后期 ) ,生菜产量平均有 5 .6kg /m2 ,较CK(平均 1.5kg /m2 )提高 3.7倍 .柱式无土栽培系统是一种高产高效的工厂化生产模式 .图 7表 3参 7