Chemical Composition and Acidity of Rain at the Gulf of Iskenderun,North-East Mediterranean

The purpose of the present work was to investigate the chemistry of rain in the Gulf of Iskenderun, North East Mediterranean, Turkey. The Gulf region has a large number of industries. Main industries existing in the region are iron and steel works, fertilizer plants, a cement plant, and several medium and mini size steel mills in addition to the international pipe line terminals. This study aims to apportion the local sources contributing to the overall pollution of the region. To this end a precipitation sampling program was started in January 2000, and over 48 precipitation samples were collected from each of 5 stations located at Iskenderun city center, Iskenderun industrial zone, Payas city center, the campus of Iskenderun Technical College and the campus of Mustafa Kemal University. Samples were analysed for pH, NO₃ ⁺, Cl^-. Ca, Al, Ba, Na, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Zn, Fe, K. Concentrations of metal ions were determined by ICP-AES. NO₃ ^- ions and pH were determined by using NO₃ ^- selective electrode and pH meter, respectively.pH values of the collected samples at the industrial zone and at Payas city center, ranged between 5.02 and 7.38, respectively. NO₃ ^- and metal ions concentrations were highly variable. Concentrations of Ca and Fe ions were higher in the industrial zone and Payas city center. In the other three stations, concentrations of metal ions and NO₃ ^- ion were lower than that of industrial zone and the values of pH ranged between 6 and 7.4. The average pH values at Iskenderun Gulf showed that the precipitation was not acidic, because of the high concentration of Ca. The highest concentrations of Na and Cl ions were recorded in the University campus because the campus is located by the Mediterranean Sea.     

三峡库区降雨径流水体中铜、锰、镍、锌、铅含量及分布特征

本文按时段和随机采集了三峡库区降雨径流水体样品，测定了水体中Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ含量，统计结果表明：Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ在径流水体中的含量趋于平均，变异系数较小。随产流时间的变化，水体中５种元素的变化规律不明显     

水环境中重金属的生物积累研究及应用

本文综述了水环境中重金属在水生生物体内（包括鱼类的鳃、软体动物及贝类的肾、肝和肌肉等组织器官）蓄积研究现状及蓄积规律。利用生物积累的特性，为重金属污染的防治及生物监测提供参考。     

人工湿地控制非点源污染的应用

随着点源污染的有效管理和控制，非点源污染已成为水环境污染的主要原因。人工湿地作为一种控制水环境非点源污染的有效工具，已被世界上很多国家所认可。本文首先简述了非点源污染的危害，其次对人工湿地的概念和类型进行了介绍，论述了人工湿地对非点源污染中氮、磷、重金属和农药等主要污染物的去除机理，最后对人工湿地处理系统的附属设施、水力因素、表土层以及植物收割等应用问题进行了探讨。     

铅锌矿产资源开发重金属污染风险评价

在论述环境风险评价的概念、理论和方法的基础上,通过对某典型铅锌矿山重金属污染程度、重金属毒性响应系数和生态危害系数的计算与探讨,建立了铅锌矿山重金属生态风险评价指标体系.根据所建立的指标体系,计算了每个样点的生态风险指数,结果认为该矿山总体环境质量很差,重金属污染极其严重.     

Full-scale blending treatment of fresh MSWI leachate with municipal wastewater in a wastewater treatment plant

Fresh leachate, generated in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants, contains various pollutants with extremely high strength organics, which usually requires expensive and complex treatment processes. This study investigated the feasibility of blending treatment of MSWI leachate with municipal wastewater. Fresh MSWI leachate was pretreated by coagulation–flocculation with FeCl₃ 2 g/L and CaO 25 g/L, plate-and-frame filter press, followed by ammonia stripping at pH above 12. After that, blending treatment was carried out in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for approximately 3 months. Different operational modes consisting of different pretreated leachate and methanol addition levels were tested, and their performances were evaluated. Results showed that throughout the experimental period, monitored parameters in the WWTP effluent, including COD (<60 mg/L), BOD₅ (<20 mg/L), ammonium (<8 mg/L), phosphorus (<1.5 mg/L) and heavy metals, generally complied with the Chinese sewage discharged standard. Under the experimental conditions, a certain amount of methanol was needed to fulfill TN removal. An estimation of the operation cost revealed that the expenditure of blending treatment was much lower than the total costs of respective treatment of MSWI leachate and municipal wastewater. The outcomes indicated that blending treatment could not only improve the treatability of the MSWI leachate, but also reduce the treatment cost of the two different wastewaters.     

长期暴露下纳米TiO2对厌氧颗粒污泥体系稳定性的影响

以厌氧颗粒污泥为研究对象,通过静态试验和连续流厌氧反应器,重点研究了长期暴露下纳米TiO_2在对厌氧产甲烷体系的影响及其在颗粒污泥中的归趋.结果表明,短期急性暴露于150 mg·g-1(以VSS计)的纳米TiO_2尽管会暂时减缓产甲烷速率,但产酸阶段及产甲烷阶段代谢产物总量不会明显受到影响,纳米TiO_2对厌氧颗粒污泥具有较低的急性毒性.反应器运行结果表明,纳米TiO_2的长期暴露可导致挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)积累及生物气产量降低,产酸菌比产甲烷菌对纳米TiO_2的累积效应更加敏感,纳米TiO_2抑制机制可归因于"物理遮蔽"作用.出水中TiO_2的平均含量只有0.632 mg·L~(-1),绝大多数纳米TiO_2都被截留在了反应器中.FISH检测表明,厌氧颗粒污泥微生物的菌群结构有所变化,纳米TiO_2在反应器内的积累使得甲烷八叠球菌的丰度大幅增加了115.6%,其优势地位明显增强.长短期暴露试验的结果对比也说明,用短期暴露试验来说明纳米颗粒对厌氧体系的长期累积效应具有一定局限性,纳米TiO_2对厌氧颗粒污泥中微生物的负面影响需要较长时间的积累才会显现.本研究结果可为厌氧污水处理体系中纳米颗粒的潜在生态风险评价提供理论支持和参考依据.     

应用相平衡分配法建立湘江衡阳段沉积物重金属质量基准

采集湘江衡阳段29个站点的表层沉积物样品,测定沉积物中4种重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd)含量及赋存形态、以及孔隙水中重金属含量,根据相平衡分配法的基本理论,考虑参与沉积物-水相平衡分配的重金属组成,实测法计算重金属的沉积物-水相平衡分配系数(Kp),分别引用美国EPA制定保护水生生物不受重金属慢性毒性影响的基本连续浓度(CCC)和我国地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)Ⅰ类水质标准,建立两种湘江衡阳段沉积物重金属质量基准(SQC)进行对比分析,其中基于美国CCC建立的湘江衡阳段沉积物重金属质量基准与国内外研究成果相比可比性较好,4种重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd)的SQC值分别为64.62、55.57、1 360.40和2.34μg.g-1,此SQC具有保护长期生活于沉积物中的底栖生物不受重金属慢性毒性影响的意义.通过单因子评价法将湘江衡阳段沉积物中重金属总量与沉积物质量基准值(SQC)进行比较,结果表明,湘江衡阳段沉积物中Cd和Pb含量水平对底栖生物具有较大的慢性毒性影响,Cd污染不容忽视.     

膨润土调质对污泥堆肥的脱毒及重金属钝化和雌酮消除作用

利用干基添加比例为0~10%钙基膨润土对污泥进行了调质,通过52 d的好氧堆肥研究了调质对堆体温度、pH、水溶性盐分(EC)、有机碳、总氮、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)的影响,并进一步分析了其对污泥脱毒(种子萌发)和重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd)钝化及雌酮(E1)消除的影响.结果表明,污泥经外加膨润土调质后,可以促进堆肥物料的热灭活无害化,能使有机碳矿化率达到15.27%~19.71%;堆肥过程中各处理堆肥pH先降低后升高,最终稳定在6.76~7.05之间,但膨润土调质堆肥pH的波动变缓;添加膨润土的堆肥EC显著低于对照处理(1 132μS·cm~(-1)),整个堆肥过程EC值随着膨润土添加比例的增加而稍有降低.堆肥过程中的总氮含量逐渐增加,但对照处理在堆肥初期存在一定的氮素损失,而污泥经过调质可减少堆肥初期氮素损失;整个堆肥中NH_4~+-N含量先增加后降低,各处理NO_3~--N均呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,表明污泥调质促进NO_3~--N的转化.虽然调质对种子发芽产生一定的抑制作用,但均不影响堆肥的腐熟,且能显著促进重金属的钝化,同时添加膨润土处理显著降低堆料E1含量,添加比例5%处理使E1含量由90.48μg·kg~(-1)降低至28.27μg·kg~(-1).研究表明,膨润土不高于5%的添加比例是适合的污泥调质措施,在污泥堆肥物料的安全化、脱毒及重金属钝化和雌酮消除方面具有较好的应用潜力.