城市生活垃圾焚烧处理过程中重金属迁移规律研究

通过采集厦门2个垃圾焚烧发电厂进厂垃圾、渗滤液、飞灰、炉渣和烟气样品,分析垃圾组成成分及各组分的重金属含量,结果表明,垃圾中以厨余、橡塑类和纸类为主,共占到垃圾干基的78．08％,重金属含量大小次序为Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Cr〉Ni〉Cd〉Hg;垃圾渗滤液中除Zn外,其他金属的含量都较低,一厂渗滤液中重金属Ni、Zn迁移量较大,分别达到24．46％和8．52％。二厂渗滤液中重金属的迁移有相同的趋势,但含量相对较高。垃圾焚烧后其重金属主要分布在飞灰和废渣中,烟气中的含量非常少,不同金属的含量均有差别,这与金属的性质有很大关系;通过浸出毒性分析,飞灰中重金属酸溶态含量多,容易浸出,属于危险废物。同时,不同烟气处理工艺产生的飞灰的重金属浸出量有很大差别。     

Seasonal Fluctuation in Heavy Metal Pollution in Iran´s Siahroud River - A Preliminary Study (7 pp)

Background The management of its available water resources has become a key issue for Iran. During the last few decades, the water quality of Siahroud River in the coastal plain of the Caspian Sea in Gilan Province in Northern Iran has significantly degraded. The scarcity of water has been compounded by rapid population growth and increasing pollution from fertilizers, pesticides, and municipal and industrial wastes. One of the sources of this degradation is the movement of heavy metals from the river's watershed into the various water systems supported by the river, including the water system for Rasht City. Methods To study the magnitude of heavy metal pollution in the Siahroud River, seven heavy metals including Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Mn, Fe, and Ni were measured in duplicate from replicated water samples collected over five consecutive seasons and analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. In situ measurements of pH were taken with the samples and total organic carbon (TOC) was analyzed by IR gas measurement. Results The results demonstrated that four of the seven heavy metals including Pb, Fe, Cd, and Mn exceeded permissible safe levels as established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Multivariate factor analysis suggested that industrial land-use was the main contributing factor for the high levels of Fe and Mn in the Siahroud River, whereas, Cd was principly from agricultural activities in the watershed. The data also suggested that pH and TOC had an important role in the behaviour of Pb and Mn, and that the elevated levels of these two heavy metals in Siahroud River was the consequence of other anthropogenic sources. Only negligible levels of Zn, Cu and Ni were detected. Finally, all the sampling stations were subjected to cluster analysis. The results indicated that three different zones could be distinguished according to the levels of pollution. In addition, it was shown that the urban areas did not have a significant impact on the heavy metal pollution in the river. This observation stems from the fact that the data from the sampling stations before and after Rasht City were not significantly different. Recommendation . Preventive measures need to be undertaken in the land-use systems and watersheds of the Siahroud River to reduce the pollution levels of Pb, Cd, Mn and Fe.     

Removal of aqueous lead by poorly-crystalline hydroxyapatites

The use of a phosphorus amendment in altering Pb to a chemically less mobile phase is a promising strategy based on minimizing ecotoxicological risk and improving time and cost efficiency. This study evaluated crystalline and poorly-crystalline hydroxyapatite sorbents on removal of aqueous Pb in response to reaction time, solution pH, and Pb concentration. Batch experiments were conducted using a commercially-available crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA), and two poorly-crystalline hydroxyapatites synthesized from gypsum waste (CHA) and incinerated ash of poultry waste (MHA). Poorly-crystalline hydroxyapatites had greater capacity for Pb removal from a solution with a wider pH range as compared to a crystalline hydroxyapatite. The maximum sorption capacity of Pb determined by the Langmuir model was 500 mg g⁻¹ for CHA, 277 mg g⁻¹ for MHA and 145 mg g⁻¹ for HA. Removal of aqueous Pb by CHA was not dependent on solution pH, with a 98.8% reduction throughout the solution pH range of 2–9, whereas aqueous Pb removal by HA and MHA was pH-dependent with less removal in the neutral solution pH. Poorly-crystalline hydroxyapatites may provide an effective alternative to existing remediation technologies for Pb-contaminated sites.     

重金属污染土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌对蚕豆毒性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法,研究了重金属(包括Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd)复合污染和接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)Glomus mosseae对蚕豆(Vicia faba)生长及DNA损伤的影响.结果表明,虽然接种菌根真菌对蚕豆生物量的影响并不显著,但是却显著影响植物对重金属的吸收,接种菌根真菌对蚕豆吸收4种重金属元素的作用有差异.采用单细胞凝胶电泳(single cell gel electrophoresis,SCGE)法研究接种菌根真菌对蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤的影响,与重金属吸收的结果相吻合.结果表明,接种处理可显著增加蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤程度,这与接种处理可提高植物的重金属吸收相一致.     

Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China

Consumption of food crops contaminated with heavy metals is a major food chain route for human exposure. We studied the health risks of heavy metals in contaminated food crops irrigated with wastewater. Results indicate that there is a substantial buildup of heavy metals in wastewater-irrigated soils, collected from Beijing, China. Heavy metal concentrations in plants grown in wastewater-irrigated soils were significantly higher (P相似文献   

金属丝棉结构在电焊烟尘处理中的过滤性能研究

电焊烟尘对人危害极大,必须加以净化才能排放到空气中.然而电焊作业烟尘量极大,由于过滤效率低,导致小型移动式电焊除尘器应用受到限制.为了更好地利用移动式除尘器净化电焊烟尘,研究高效过滤材料变得非常重要.通过数值模拟金属丝绵的除尘效率、过滤压力损失及残余压降等影响过滤性能的因素,将金属丝绵应用于移动式除尘器.为了更好地发挥...     

中国与南非金属非金属矿山安全标准化标准比对分析及启示

近年来,我国矿难不断,人民生命财产受到了巨大的损失,而造成这些矿难的一个主要原因是矿山安全标准化工作存在疏漏。安全标准化的建设是夯实企业安全基础、强化企业安全管理、提升企业本质安全水平的强有力措施。通过分析我国与南非金属非金属矿山安全标准化标准的现状,从金属非金属矿山安全标准化的创建到围绕矿山安全标准化展开的14个核心要素,进行了全面的比对,并在比对的基础上,对其中存在较大差异的指标进行分析。总结了我国与南非矿山安全标准化之间的异同,指出了我国金属非金属矿山安全标准化标准存在的缺点和不足。基于具体技术指标比对分析以及对安全标准化缺点和不足的分析,对我国非煤矿山安全标准化发展提出参考意,借以希望为我国非煤矿山安全标准化标准的修订工作提供了一定的参考和帮助。     

复合菌系RXS中木质纤维素降解酶类分析

复合菌系RXS能分泌多种木质纤维素降解酶,为探究这些酶在木薯渣降解中的作用,对RXS的培养时间、酶作用的温度和pH值,以及添加金属离子对酶活性和降解效果的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在培养48 h后,木聚糖酶(Xylanase)、滤纸酶(FPAase)和内切葡聚糖酶(CMCase)酶活性均达到最大值(分别为56.02 U/m L、3.14U/m L和6.78 U/m L),pH=6.0(FPAase和Xylanase的最适pH值)、温度为55℃(FPAase和CMCase酶活性最高)条件下,RXS酶液处理可使木薯渣的失重率达到18.78%,纤维素和半纤维素质量分数分别由31.46%和20.19%下降到22.12%和12.23%。添加Cu~(2+)有效地抑制了酶液中FPAase和Xylanase的酶活性,木薯渣几乎不降解,纤维素和半纤维素组分质量分数基本不发生变化;分别添加Co~(2+)和Zn~(2+)时,对3种酶均有一定程度的抑制,木薯渣失重率仅为3.29%和4.70%;分别添加Fe~(2+)、Mg~(2+)时,FPAase酶活性被抑制,Xylanase与CMCase共同降解底物,木薯渣失重率分别达12.77%和15.81%,纤维素和半纤维素质量分数明显降低。研究表明,Xylanase与CMCase是复合菌系中降解木薯渣的关键酶,其协同作用可使木薯渣有效降解。     

电镀污泥脱水稳定剂制备及应用研究

针对电镀污泥脱水过程中金属离子大量溶出带来的处理难题,以四甲基乙二胺、二硫化碳为主要原料,以氢氧化钾为引发剂,采用聚合法制备了一种脱水稳定剂,并考察了稳定剂投加量、污泥pH值、反应温度和反应时间对电镀污泥离心脱水时重金属溶出的影响。结果表明,在稳定剂投加量(稳定剂与污泥的质量比)为1%、反应温度为20℃、pH=1、反应时间为30 min、转速为3 000 r/min条件下对含Ni(Ⅱ)电镀污泥离心脱水后,Ni(Ⅱ)脱水稳定率达96.88%,且脱水稳定剂对混合电镀污泥中Ni(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)的选择性大于Zn(Ⅱ)。脱水稳定剂的脱水稳定机理是其中的二硫代氨基甲酸盐与重金属离子M(Ⅱ)(Ni(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)等)形成配位键,从而形成稳定的交联网状结构,达到化学稳定,实现了离心脱水极少重金属离子溶出(即脱水稳定)的效果。所合成的脱水稳定剂可广泛用于含镍、铜、锌等金属离子的电镀污泥脱水处理。     

河南省武陟县大田土壤重金属形态分布及潜在生态风险评价

为了解河南省武陟县大田土壤重金属Cr、Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Se、Ni和Co的形态分布和生态风险情况,在该区域采集了12个表层土壤(0～20cm)样品,采用修正的BCR连续提取法进行形态分析,探讨其生物有效性,并采用Hakanson指数法评价了重金属的潜在生态风险.结果表明,土壤中不同重金属的形态分布差异很大,其中,Cr、As、Ni和Co均主要以残渣态存在,分别占其总量的66.6％、61.4％、50.7％和41.8％;Cu和Se主要以可氧化态存在,分别占其总量的43.8％和67.8％;Pb主要以可还原态存在,占总量的61.1％;Cd主要以酸提取态存在,占总量的53.3％.生物有效性分析表明,Cd的可利用态K1为0.933,生物有效性是最大的,对土壤生态系统的潜在危害性较大,其次是Pb和Co;Cu和Se在土壤环境发生变化时,很容易再次释放到外界环境中;Cr、As和Ni不易被外界生物利用.潜在生态风险评价结果显示,以国家土壤环境质量标准二级标准为参比值时,Cr、Cd、Pb、As、Cu和Ni的单项潜在生态风险程度均为轻微,综合潜在生态风险处于轻微等级.