从海牙气候会议的失败看全球环境合作的障碍

文章在介绍海牙气候会议背景的基础上,分析了会议上产生的分歧,全球环境合作的障碍。同时,阐述了会议的尖锐矛盾和激烈斗争预示的中国今后在环境与发展问题上将面临的严峻挑战,并对此提出需要采取的有效对策。     

矿山安全管理核心框架结构研究

矿业是人类文明进步、国民经济发展和科学技术革命的基础,矿山生产又是工业事故频发的高危行业。改革开放以来,随着经济的发展,我国对矿产资源的开发与利用强度不断加大,矿山生产事故多发,形势十分严峻。安全管理是矿山生产解决和消除各种不安全因素,防止事故发生最重要的手段。本文通过对我国矿山安全生产管理的研究与实践,首次提出关于矿山安全生产管理核心框架结构RS理论。认为矿山安全生产管理核心框架是建立在安全战略目标与规划基础上的风险监测与预控管理、安全文化建设和安全监管。安全文化建设包括本质安全化,企业安全理念与员工综合素质以及安全制度建设,安全文化建设是安全生产管理应该关注的重点内容。论文为我国矿山企业安全生产管理提供了有益参考。     

区域生态安全演化与绿色经济发展关系实证研究——以辽宁省为例

本文基于DPESAR框架的生态安全指标体系,选择辽宁省1995—2017年的面板数据,应用SPSS17.0和EViews6.0软件,建立生态安全演化与绿色经济发展关系的结构模型,研究二级指标和三级指标间的相互关系,识别其影响绿色经济发展的症结,进而构建最优控制模型,探讨二者之间的演化关系,依据辽宁省"十三五"发展规划的指标要求,模拟并预测辽宁省到2022年的生态安全与绿色经济发展关系的理想演化状态。结果显示:敏感指标的下降会造成生态安全的恶化。但是,通过政府的调控,消除暴露指标C(k)通过压力指标带来的滞后影响可以遏制生态环境的恶化。因此,调整后的生态安全影响因子对绿色经济发展有巨大的促进作用,从而可以为辽宁省"十三五"的绿色经济发展提供决策依据。     

我国生态功能区划的目标、原则与体系

阐述了我国开展生态功能区划的背景,分析了全国生态功能区划的基本目标和任务。以生态系统科学为基础,明确了开展生态功能区划的基本原则——生态系统完整性原则。在生态系统完整性原则下。定义系统、系统边界、系统等级和认识生态系统的尺度。对生态功能区划与自然区划、农业区划以及生态地域划分之间的联系与区别进行了分析,指出从单一要素的各种自然区划,到以整体生态系统为基础的生态功能区划是协调人与自然关系、寻求自然资源保护与人类对资源的永续利用之间的平衡的认识进步。在生态系统完整性原则上,提出了我国生态功能区划体系的框架。论述了流域在生态和社会经济方面的重要性。认为以大流域为基本区划单元的划分是构建我国生态功能区划的基本方式．“生态热点”地区规划是必要的、灵活的辅助手段．     

Are SDGs suitable for China’s sustainable development assessment? An application and amendment of the SDGs Indicators in China

In order to further ensure that the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is to be implemented and the action measures of all countries are consistent, the United Nations has put forward a set of indicators to monitor and evaluate the progress of global sustainable development. This set of evaluation indicators is aimed for global and regional progress. An important feature of the evaluation indicators is that they are internationally comparable, but due to the large differences in the levels of sustainable development among countries, this framework of evaluation indicators has a disadvantage that it does not apply to tracking the progress of sustainable development at the national level. This paper focuses on the analysis of specific issues in the application of the global sustainable development indicators framework to meet the goals and targets of the UN and builds a system of evaluation indicators to assess the progress of sustainable development at the national level in China, and offers a perspective to assess China’s progress as well.     

金属有机骨架材料Cu3(BTC)2对刚果红的吸附

采用溶剂热法合成了金属有机骨架材料Cu_3(BTC)_2(BTC为均苯三甲酸根),并对其进行了XRD表征。考察了刚果红初始质量浓度、溶液pH及Na~+浓度等工艺参数对Cu_3(BTC)_2吸附刚果红效果的影响,对其吸附热力学和动力学进行了研究。结果表明:刚果红初始质量浓度增大,吸附量增大,脱色率逐渐降低;酸性条件下的吸附性能好于碱性条件;Na~+对吸附具有抑制作用,Na~+的浓度越高,抑制作用越明显;Cu_3(BTC)_2对刚果红的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温模型和准二级动力模型。     

城市生活垃圾循环利用系统物质代谢框架的构建

讨论了传统的物质流分析（MFA）方法用于城市生活垃圾代谢分析的适用性及不足之处,在此基础上结合城市生活垃圾的处理流程,对传统的MFA框架进行了改进,构建了适合城市生活垃圾代谢分析的框架,并对新框架的3个模块进行了详细的说明,建立了相应的评价指标体系并给出了应用实例。城市生活垃圾循环利用系统物质代谢分析框架能够清楚地描述生活垃圾进入经济系统后的具体流向和流量,为描述城市生活垃圾的代谢情况提供了定性及定量化的分析工具。     

Integrated action planning for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of highland aquatic resources: evaluating outcomes for the Beijiang River,China

The need for enhanced environmental planning and management for highland aquatic resources is described and a rationale for integrated action planning is presented. Past action planning initiatives for biodiversity conservation and wetland management are reviewed. A reflective account is given of integrated action planning from five sites in China, India and Vietnam. Eight planning phases are described encompassing: stakeholder assessment and partner selection; rapport building and agreement on collaboration; integrated biodiversity, ecosystem services, livelihoods and policy assessment; problem analysis and target setting; strategic planning; planning and organisation of activities; coordinated implementation and monitoring; evaluation and revised target setting. The scope and targeting of actions are evaluated using the Driving forces, Pressures, State, Impacts and Responses framework and compatibility with biodiversity conservation and socio-economic development objectives are assessed. Criteria to evaluate the quality of planning processes are proposed. Principles for integrated action planning elaborated here should enable stakeholders to formulate plans to reconcile biodiversity conservation with the wise use of wetlands.     

On the scope and management of pesticide pollution of Swedish groundwater resources: The Scanian example

Twenty-three south-Swedish public supply wells were studied to assess pesticide pollution of regional groundwater resources. Relations between pesticide occurrence, hydrogeology, and land use were analyzed using Kohonen’s Self-Organizing Maps approach. Pesticides are demonstrated to be substantially present in regional groundwater, with detections in 18 wells. Concentrations above the drinking water threshold are confirmed for nine wells. Observations indicate considerable urban influence, and lagged effects of past, less restricted use. Modern, oxic waters from shallow, unconfined, unconsolidated or fracture-type bedrock aquifers appear particularly vulnerable. Least affected waters appear primarily associated with deeper wells, anoxic conditions, and more confined sediment aquifers lacking urban influence. Comprehensive, standardized monitoring of pesticides in groundwater need to be implemented nationwide to enable sound assessments of pollution status and trends, and to develop sound groundwater management plans in accordance with the Water Framework Directive. Further, existing water protection areas and associated regulations need to be reassessed.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0548-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

环境审计体系多纬度架构与职业化——《领导干部自然资源资产离任审计试点方案》对环境审计的启动

中央两办于2015年11月印发《开展领导干部自然资源资产离任审计试点方案》,标志着环境责任追究试点工作正式展开,并且启动了环境审计帷幕。环境保护和环境管理问题在我国当前经济社会发展中日益凸显,推动着环境审计主题被提出并列入重要议事日程。鉴于环境审计并不是一个历史长久的成熟概念,在世界上尚且没有统一的内涵外延界定,本文基于中国的审计体系现状,提出环境审计多纬度架构模型,并针对政府环境审计机关、企业内部环境审计机构、社会独立环境审计机构这三类环境审计主体,阐释环境审计功效、环境审计职业化,以及职业化中的知识基础、胜任能力、后续教育培训问题,提出加快推进环境审计职业化的实现策略。