Hedgerows and hedgerow networks in landscape ecology

Hedgerows originated and coexist with agriculture. Their internal structure and species diversity vary widely with origin (planted, spontaneous, or remnant), farming practices in adjacent fields, and the refined art of hedgerow management. Most hedgerow species are forest-edge species, and apparently none is limited to hedgerows. Wide hedgerows composed of trees and shrubs appear to function as corridors for movement of many plants and animals across a landscape. The reduction of crop loss, by dampening pest population fluctuations with hedgerow predators, remains a hypothesis for study.Field microclimate downwind of a hedgerow is modified about 16 times the hedgerow height (h) for evaporation, and approximately 28 h for wind speed. A turbulent wind pattern with harsher microclimate is present at 6–8 h if a second hedgerow is nearby downwind. Zones of higher crop productivity at 3- to 6-h downwind, and 2- to 6-h upwind of a second hedgerow may be expected. Overall, we expect little short-term difference in farm-field production with or without hedgerows.Evidence suggests that hedgerow networks, and especially their mesh size (of fields), exert a major control on many major landscape fluxes. Such fluxes include animal populations, wind speed, evapotranspiration and soil desiccation, soil erosion and nutrient runoff, species movement along network lines, and movement of field species across the network. In a relatively short period, the hedgerow ecosystem, with no unique species, has attained a metastable equilibrium, which is regulated by enormous human inputs.More than 20 economic roles of hedgerows are pinpointed. The roles, providing resources and protection of resources, are poorly known quantitatively. We conclude that hedgerows perform diverse functions for society and the farmer that are both economically and ecologically significant.     

Development of a Model for Simulation of Solute Transport in a Stream–Aquifer System

A model for simulation of solute transport in a dynamic stream–aquifer system is developed by integrating four existing sub-models. Interface packages are created to link the sub-models. The developed model is successfully used to simulate chloride transport in the stream–aquifer system of the Arkansas River and the Equus Beds Aquifer in Kansas and demonstrates that chloride concentration in the aquifer decreases in the vicinity of the simulated channel over time.     

Interaction Between GSM Handset Helical Antenna and User's Head: Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Results

Summary The performance of a cellular phone commercial helical antenna at 900~MHz band, both in free space and in the presence of a human head phantom was studied. Numerical simulation of the phone model for the latter case has been performed giving 3D radiation diagrams. The effect of the phantom head on radiation diagrams is presented. The relative amount of the EM power absorbed in the head was obtained for several distances of the phone. Measurements were carried out in a RF anechoic chamber using standard horn antennas and a calibrated measuring system. Absolute radiation patterns of the antenna gain were obtained in the three principal planes. Significant reduction of the absorbed power could be achieved just by moving the phone 1 cm away from the head.     

永定河生态补水下渗对地下水质量的影响

以永定河北京段2019～2020年的生态补水为例,通过室内混合实验和淋滤实验研究河水下渗对地下水质量的影响.结果表明,水化学指标的种类与下渗前相比无变化,水-岩相互作用对指标浓度的改变作用也比较有限,指标的浓度水平总体上介于河水和地下水之间.下渗水对地下水质量的改变作用从根本上取决于河水与地下水的质量差异和河水的补给量...     

长江流域安庆段浅层地下水水化学特征及控制因素

浅层地下水为安庆市居民生活用水和工农业生产用水的主要水源,是维持社会经济可持续发展和区域生态环境的重要基础保障.为深入研究安庆市浅层地下水的水化学特征及控制因素,采集了196组浅层地下水水样,综合运用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比值和数理统计方法对安庆市地下水的水化学特征及控制因素进行研究,定量评估不同来源对地下水水化学组分的贡献.结果表明,安庆市浅层地下水呈弱碱性,pH值在5.84～8.38,均值为7.21; ρ（TDS）介于47～1 620 mg·L^-1,均值为324.21 mg·L^-1,阴阳离子主要以HCO₃^-和Ca²⁺为主,水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca型.地下水水化学组分受岩石风化溶滤作用、阳离子交替吸附作用、矿物溶解和沉淀以及人类活动综合影响.Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-主要来源于碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩的风化溶解作用,Na⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-受工业活动和生活污水的排放、K⁺和NO₃^-受农业活动的影响.APCS-MLR受体模型分析进一步揭示地下水水化学组分主要有地质因子、工业因子、农业因子和未知源这4种来源,其贡献率分别为45.35%、14.19%、25.38%和15.08%.地质因子是浅层地下水水化学组分的重要来源,人类活动则加剧了地下水水化学的演变.     

郯庐断裂带（安徽段）浅层地下水水化学特征、控制因素及水质评价

为研究郯庐断裂带（安徽段）地下水的水化学特征、控制因素和地下水质量.在郯庐断裂带周边的江淮波状平原区、沿江丘陵平原区和皖西山地共采集了86组地下水,综合运用描述性统计、Piper图、Gibbs图、离子比例分析、饱和指数、氯碱指数和熵权水质指数（EWQI）等方法,开展了地下水的水化学特征及控制因素研究,评价了地下水的质量.结果表明,郯庐断裂带（安徽段）周边浅层地下水呈弱碱性,地下水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca·Mg和HCO₃-Na·Ca型为主.水岩相互作用控制地下水化学组分的形成,硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩风化作用控制了地下水化学组分的形成.强烈的阳离子交替吸附作用是引起Na⁺富集的重要因素.研究区地下水整体质量较好,但受到一定程度人类活动的污染,江淮波状平原和沿江丘陵平原大部分地下水不适合直接饮用.研究结果对郯庐断裂带（安徽段）周边浅层地下水资源可持续开发利用和环境保护具有重要意义.     

不同环境介质轮胎微塑料老化及小粒径微粒释放特征

为了探究轮胎微塑料在不同环境介质中的老化和小粒径微粒释放特征,于实验室条件下模拟了汽车和电动自行车两种不同的轮胎微塑料在干燥和水环境中的老化过程.结果表明,轮胎微塑料经过30 d的紫外光照后会发生一定程度的老化,具体表现为表面变得粗糙,出现裂纹和剥落等现象.通过傅里叶红外光谱得知,其表面羰基指数也有所上升.此外,轮胎微塑料在紫外光照和水力作用的影响下会释放大量的亚微米级小粒子,水环境中的汽车轮胎微塑料在光照条件下第30 d时每mL溶液中释放粒子数量达到了69 480万个,其中粒径小于1 μm的有69 460万个,是黑暗条件下的100倍左右.研究表明,水环境中的轮胎微塑料在光照条件下更易发生老化并释放更多的小粒子,且汽车轮胎微塑料较电动自行车轮胎微塑料释放的小粒子更多,具有潜在的生态环境风险.     

土壤中草甘膦与镉的交互作用对3种土壤酶活性的影响

研究了两种土壤中草甘膦与镉交互作用对土壤三种酶活性的影响．结果发现,低浓度镉略促进乌栅土中的脲酶活性,而高浓度镉则显著抑制了其脲酶活性,当与草甘膦共存时,草甘膦的存在增强了镉对脲酶活性的抑制作用; 镉对红壤中脲酶活性的影响较小,而草甘膦单一或与Cd共存时均显著抑制了红壤中脲酶的活性．镉抑制了乌栅土中酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性,而草甘膦的存在增加了镉的毒性,两者表现为协同作用;低浓度镉促进了红壤酸性磷酸酶活性,而高浓度镉则抑制了土壤酸性磷酸酶活性,草甘膦的存在降低了红壤中镉的毒性,两者表现为颉颃作用．镉对红壤中碱性磷酸酶的活性影响较小．     

Information presentation compatibility in a simple digital control panel design: eye-tracking study

Various designs of typical digital control panels were analyzed experimentally from both the effectiveness and efficiency points of view. Subjects performed information comparison tasks aimed at keeping vehicle velocity at the same level. The experiment involved two versions of speedometers for displaying current and target velocities (clock-face and digital). The stimuli were also differentiated by the target velocity value (20, 50 and 80?km/h) and the correct response type (increase or decrease). Subjects’ performance results along with the eye-tracking data were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for all 24 experimental conditions.     

武汉城市圈城市空间相互作用时空演变分析

引入人口重心、GIS网络分析及时序全局主成分分析法对传统引力模型进行修正,由此测算城市潜力值,以定量测度2002~2013年武汉城市圈城市空间相互作用强度,并结合IDW空间插值法和CTCSTP算法揭示出其时空演变规律。结果表明:(1)武汉城市圈各城市与其他城市间相互作用总强度总体呈增长趋势,其中武汉市增幅远高于其他城市,其与孝感-鄂州-黄石形成显著的轴线式发展格局,其余城市始终为空间联系弱区地带。(2)武汉市辐射带动作用日趋强劲,辐射范围逐年扩大并呈现一定的"圈层式"分布,其余城市辐射带动作用较弱,仅孝感市略显对外辐射趋势。(3)整个区域的空间相互作用表现出显著的"西南部低、北部高、东部适中"的空间分异特征,且其重心由南向北转移明显,区域发展不均衡特性显著。