土-结构动力相互作用几种计算模型的比较

针对目前在土-结构动力相互作用分析中基础常采用实体单元、结构采用梁单元,建模过程中经常遇到的基础和结构不同单元的连接问题,通过在基础表面添加刚臂连接单元的方法来模拟基础和结构的连接,并分析对比了实体单元、实体单元-刚臂-梁单元、实体单元-梁单元3种模型在考虑土-结构相互作用时的动力反应,计算结果显示:采用刚臂连接单元方法的计算结果精度与实体单元的相同,但计算效率高.     

The Importance of Non-struck Side Occupants in Side Collisions

Current occupant protection assessment for side impact is focused on struck side occupants sitting alone. In a representative sample of tow-away side collisions from the UK, only one-third of front seat occupants in side collisions were alone, on the struck side of the car. The other two-thirds were either a non-struck side occupant alone or a situation where the adjacent seat was also occupied. In terms of restraint protection for non-struck side occupants, belts appeared to be less effective in perpendicular compared to oblique side crashes. Front seat occupancy had bearing on injury outcome. With both front seats occupied, there was a reduction in AIS 27+ injury to belted non-struck side occupants due to a reduction in chest and lower limb injuries. Struck side occupants sustained increased injury rates to the extremities when accompanied by a belted non-struck side occupant but no notable increases in moderate to serious injury to the head, chest, abdomen or pelvis.     

原料和热解温度对生物炭中可溶性有机质的影响

以水稻秸秆和杉木凋落物为原料,选择不同热解温度（350、500和650℃）制备生物炭,研究原料与热解温度对生物炭中可溶性有机质（dissolved organic matter,DOM）含量和光谱特征的影响.结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,两类生物炭pH值分别从8.10和6.56上升至10.53和8.23;热解温度对生物炭全碳（TC）含量的影响并不明显,但原料及其与温度交互作用的影响显著（P<0.05）.两类生物炭中可溶性有机碳（dissolved organic carbon,DOC）含量呈先降低后升高的趋势,相同热解温度下水稻生物炭的显著高于杉木生物炭的（P<0.05）.原料对DOM芳香化指数（SUVA₂₅₄值）无显著影响,但温度及其与原料交互作用的影响显著（P<0.05）,在500℃时该值最大,芳香化程度最高.三维荧光光谱表明,DOM组分以类富里酸和类腐殖酸为主,但这两种物质对热解温度的响应不同.傅里叶红外光谱分析发现,两类生物炭DOM在5个区域的相似位置存在吸收峰,其中,脂肪族C-H的伸缩振动随着热解温度的升高逐渐减弱.因此,高温（500℃和650℃）与低温（350℃）制备的生物炭相比,DOC含量降低,但其芳香化和腐殖化程度升高,稳定性增强.     

苯并(α)芘与砷在蜈蚣草中的赋存转运规律及其交互作用

蜈蚣草能够超累积土壤中的砷,对土壤环境中的多环芳烃也具有较好的耐受能力,是修复砷和多环芳烃复合污染的理想修复手段之一.为探究在苯并（a）芘和砷（As）单独污染和复合污染条件下的蜈蚣草对两种污染物的吸收转运,通过水培模拟实验揭示蜈蚣草体内砷与苯并（a）芘的交互作用,同时采用双光子激光共聚焦扫描显微技术检测观察苯并（a）芘在蜈蚣草中的赋存和分布.结果表明,添加苯并（a）芘使得蜈蚣草各部分总砷含量均下降.其中,叶、茎、根分别下降149.4、78.59、47.05 mg·kg^-1（以DW计）（p<0.05）,叶部下降幅度最大,达到47.3%,根部及茎部含量分别下降了40.9%和38.2%（p<0.05）.同时苯并（a）芘的添加也改变了砷在蜈蚣草体内的赋存形态,根部与叶部三价砷的比例分别下降了3.87%、4.20%（p<0.05）,而茎部两种砷形态比例无显著变化.砷的添加促进了蜈蚣草各部分对苯并（a）芘的积累,每株根部、茎部和叶部的累积量分别增加了4680、109.26和226.61 ng（p<0.05）,说明苯并（a）芘和砷在蜈蚣草植株中交互作用显著,砷的添加不会改变苯并（a）芘的赋存位点,但会增强蜈蚣草对于苯并（a）芘吸收,而苯并（a）芘的添加则会抑制砷的吸收,苯并（a）芘首先由蜈蚣草根部表皮细胞吸收,通过茎部的U型维管束及茎部外缘细胞转运到叶部,赋存于叶部的表皮细胞、叶脉组织及气孔细胞当中.     

第二松花江桥跨度30m简支T梁横向车桥动力性能研究

笔者通过分析了第二松花江桥跨度30m预应力混凝土简支T梁原桥及实施4种加固方法后,SS8牵引的旅客、DF4牵引的混编列车通过桥梁时,桥梁的横向动力响应,与试验结果进行了对比,总结了既有线铁路简支T梁桥的加固方法,并对该桥梁的加固工程提出建议。     

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION CONCEPTUALIZATION IN THE HSPF‐MODFLOW INTEGRATED MODELS1

In 1988, the Florida Institute of Phosphate Research (FIPR) funded project to develop an advanced hydrologic model for shallow water table systems. The FIPR hydrologic model (FHM) was developed to provide an improved predictive capability of the interactions of surface water and ground water using its component models, HSPF and MODFLOW. The Integrated Surface and Ground Water (ISGW) model was developed from an early version of FHM and the two models were developed relatively independently in the late 1990s. Hydrologic processes including precipitation, interception, evapotranspiration, runoff, recharge, streamflow, and base flow are explicitly accounted for in both models. Considerable review of FHM and ISGW and their applications occurred through a series of projects. One model evolved, known as the Integrated Hydrological Model IHM. This model more appropriately describes hydrologic processes, including evapotranspiration fluxes within small distributed land‐based discretization. There is a significant departure of many IHM algorithms from FHM and ISGW, especially for soil water and evapotranspiration (ET). In this paper, the ET concepts in FHM, ISGW, and IHM will be presented. The paper also identifies the advantages and data costs of the improved methods. In FHM and IHM, ground water ET algorithms of the MODFLOW ET package replace those of HSPF (ISGW used a different model for ground water ET). However, IHM builds on an improved understanding and characterization of ET partitioning between surface storages, vadose zone storage, and saturated ground water storage. The IHM considers evaporative flux from surface sources, proximity of the water table to land surface, relative moisture condition of the unsaturated zone, thickness of the capillary zone, thickness of the root zone, and relative plant cover density. The improvements provide a smooth transition to satisfy ET demand between the vadose zone and deeper saturated ground water. While the IHM approach provides a more sound representation of the actual soil profile than FHM, and has shown promise at reproducing soil moisture and water table fluctuations as well as field measured ET rates, more rigorous testing is necessary to understand the robustness and/or limitations of this methodology.     

Characterization of Environmentally Friendly Polymers by Inverse Gas Chromatography: I Amylopectin

Amylopectin, as a potato starch based polymer, with a molecular weight of six million gram/mol was characterized using the Inverse Gas Chromatography Method (IGC). DSC method was also used to measure the glass and melting temperatures. Both DSC and IGC agreed well on a T_g of 105°C and T_m of 160–166°C. Nineteen solutes (solvents) were injected onto a chromatographic column containing amylopectin. These solutes revealed the interaction of alkanes with AP, and the wettability and water intake of AP. Alkanes showed exothermic values of interaction parameters which were increased as the temperature increased and as the number of carbons in the alkane series decreased. Retention diagrams of these solutes in a temperature range of 80–200°C revealed two zones, crystalline and amorphous. T_g and T_m were measured using these zones which complimented the DSC values. The two zones were used to calculate the degree of crystallinity below the melting temperature which ranged from 85% at 104°C to 0% at 161°C. The dispersive component of the surface energy of amylopectin was measured using alkanes which ranged from 25.35 mJ/m² at 80°C to 8.47 mJ/m² at 200°C. This is attributed to the weak crystalline surface of AP at 80°C and when the surface melted at 160°C the surface energy decreased due to the thermal expansion of the surface.     

Sediment Flux to the Sea as Influenced by Changing Human Activities and Precipitation: Example of the Yellow River,China

Since the 1970s, the sediment flux of the Yellow River to the sea has shown a marked tendency to decrease, which is unfavorable for wetland protection and oil extraction in the Yellow River delta. Thus, an effort has been made to elucidate the relation between the sediment flux to the sea and the drainage basin factors including climate and human activities. The results show that the sediment flux to the sea responds to the changed precipitation in different ways for different runoff and sediment source areas in the drainage basin. If other factors are assumed to be constant, when the annual precipitation in the area between Longmen and Sanmenxia decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 27.5 million t/yr; when the precipitation in the area between Hekouzhen and Longmen decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 14.3 million t/yr; when the precipitation in the area above Lanzhou decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 17.4 million t/yr. A multiple regression equation has been established between the sediment flux to the sea and the influencing factors, such as the area of land terracing and tree and grass planting, the area of the land created by the sediment trapped by check dams, the annual precipitation, and the annual quantity of water diversion by man. The equation may be used to estimate the change in the sediment flux to the sea when the influencing variables are further changed, to provide useful knowledge for the environmental planning of the Yellow River drainage basin and its delta.     

Conflict and Coalitions: An Examination of Outdoor Recreation Magazines

We examined whether value differences between various recreation interest/activity groups are created and sustained by the textual information presented to their readers in magazines. Using a two-stage qualitative approach, our research sought to explore the exact nature of the dialogue in the magazines. We sought detailed, intimate information on a selected number of magazines to assess how the popular press socially constructs knowledge about recreation groups, and we sought to better understand how various recreation group members assign meaning to their activities and interpret the interests of other groups. Findings revealed limited negativity of activity users towards one another; most of the conflict found in the text of the articles in recreational magazines was characterized as macrodispositional. Accordingly, in the articles most of the antipathy was directed towards government because of stricter regulation of activity or towards commercial consumers whose exploitation of resources is perceived to threaten groups' activities. Moreover, such conflict crosscuts various groups whose issues and concerns are often similar. Since environmental battles are no longer any one group's issue, many have coalesced and engaged in conflict with lawmakers and commercial consumers. It is clear that the recreational magazines do play a role in shaping readers' attitudes.     

河冰对桥墩作用的冰荷载计算方法(Ⅱ)——冰压力计算公式

在松花江河冰力学性能试验和流冰动压力测量的基础上,回顾了国内外目前有关冰-结构相互作用与冰荷载计算的主要方法和公式,并通过黑龙江省流冰长期观测数据的统计分析,提出了适合我国国情的冰荷载计算方法,可供工程部门参考使用。