生物炭对含氢键供体染料的吸附性能及机理

为确定染料有无氢键供体对生物炭吸附容量的影响及作用机理,制备了尿素/碳酸氢钾联合活化的玉米秸秆生物炭(KN-BC),考察其对于结构相似的亚甲基蓝(MB)与天青B(AB)的吸附容量差别及具体机制。对KN-BC的表征结果表明,经处理后的生物炭疏松多孔,表面含氧官能团含量显著增加。吸附实验结果表明,Langmuir模型拟合的KN-BC对MB和AB的最大吸附量为2 268.7 mg·g⁻¹和4 368.5 mg·g⁻¹,KN-BC对含有氢键供体的AB吸附性能更好。DFT计算与机理分析结果表明,氢键供体的存在使得单个污染物分子与生物炭可以同时形成氢键和π-π相互作用,两者的协同效应增强了π电子密度,显著提高了吸附效能。以上研究结果为预测生物炭对混合染料污水的吸附提供参考。     

喷淋与火羽流相互作用的数值模拟

采用CFD软件FDS,对小室木垛火灾在喷淋情况下火羽流与喷淋的相互作用进行了数值模拟分析,重点比较了喷淋压力分别为0.05 MPa、0.1 MPa、0.2 MPa和无喷淋情况下木垛火源热释放速率的变化以及火羽流附近几个关键点的温度变化.结果表明,对于热释放速率为0.5 MW的木垛火源,压力为0.05 MPa和0.1 MPa的喷淋液滴无法穿透火羽流到达火源,对热释放速率影响很小;而压力为0.2 MPa的喷淋液滴则可穿透火羽流.在火源中心线竖向高度上,存在着喷淋与羽流相互作用的临界面.在临界面以上,温度沿竖向高度降低,喷淋动量大于羽流动量; 在临界面以下,温度沿竖向高度升高,羽流动量大于喷淋动量.在火源邻近位置的不同竖向高度上,存在着温度转折点.在转折点以下,温度沿竖向高度几乎不变或变化很小;在转折点以上,温度沿竖向高度升高.     

酿酒酵母与Ag+的相互作用机制研究

为探讨酿酒酵母与Ag⁺的相互作用机制,分析了酵母吸附Ag⁺过程中细胞阳离子的释放状况,并利用红外光谱（FTIR）、带能谱仪的扫描电镜（SEM-EDX）、带能谱仪的透射电镜（TEM-EDX）等手段表征了酵母细胞在吸附Ag⁺前后表面官能团的变化以及Ag⁺在酵母细胞中的存在位置和状态.结果表明,酵母细胞吸附Ag⁺伴随着大量细胞阳离子K⁺、Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺的释放.Ag⁺的存在会抑制体系pH值增加,并促进Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺的释放.与Ag⁺的吸附类似,K⁺、Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺的释放也很快,并且符合准二级动力学方程.酵母对Ag⁺的吸附,可被认为是离子交换机制和共价结合机制共同发挥作用.FTIR证明酵母表面羧基对Ag⁺的吸附发挥重要作用.电镜分析结果表明,酵母细胞表面不仅吸附了Ag⁺,同时产生更高浓度的含Ag沉淀物,使Ag⁺从溶液中去除,这些含Ag沉淀不均匀地分布于细胞表面,含Ag沉淀的性质以及形成过程还需要借助其他分析手段进行进一步确认.     

染料结构与其絮凝脱色效果关系的探讨

在对活性、酸性和碱性等 1 0种水溶性染料水样絮凝脱色和平衡渗析实验数据进行分析的基础上 ,初步探讨了染料结构与其絮凝脱色率之间的定性关系。PAN -DCD絮凝剂对 1 0种染料的最佳脱色pH范围 <5,尤其在pH值 <4更佳。在最佳pH条件下 ,絮凝剂加入量增加 ,脱色率升高。染料分子上磺酸基数目多者脱色效果好 ,分子中疏水性基团大则脱色率高 ,含蒽醌环的染料脱色率大于萘环者 ,也大于含苯环者。     

Comparison of Aquifer Sustainability Under Groundwater Administrations in Oklahoma and Texas1

Mittelstet, Aaron R., Michael D. Smolen, Garey A. Fox, and Damian C. Adams, 2011. Comparison of Aquifer Sustainability Under Groundwater Administrations in Oklahoma and Texas. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00524.x Abstract: We compared two approaches to administration of groundwater law on a hydrologic model of the North Canadian River, an alluvial aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma. Oklahoma limits pumping rates to retain 50% aquifer saturated thickness after 20 years of groundwater use. The Texas Panhandle Groundwater Conservation District’s (GCD) rules limit pumping to a rate that consumes no more than 50% of saturated thickness in 50 years, with reevaluation and readjustment of permits every 5 years. Using a hydrologic model (MODFLOW), we simulated river‐groundwater interaction and aquifer dynamics under increasing levels of “development” (i.e., increasing groundwater withdrawals). Oklahoma’s approach initially would limit groundwater extraction more than the GCD approach, but the GCD approach would be more protective in the long run. Under Oklahoma rules more than half of aquifer storage would be depleted when development reaches 65%. Reevaluation of permits under the Texas Panhandle GCD approach would severely limit pumping as the 50% level is approached. Both Oklahoma and Texas Panhandle GCD approaches would deplete alluvial base flow at approximately 10% development. Results suggest periodic review of permits could protect aquifer storage and river base flow. Modeling total aquifer storage is more sensitive to recharge rate and aquifer hydraulic conductivity than to specific yield, while river leakage is most sensitive to aquifer hydraulic conductivity followed by specific yield.     

绿肥间作和秸秆覆盖对冬季油菜根际土壤有机碳及土壤呼吸的影响

在全球变暖的大背景下,农田土壤呼吸成为农业碳排放的主要途径,而绿肥对抑制温室气体排放、实现节能减排有巨大潜力.在我国西南紫色土地区,有关绿肥间作条件下的农田土壤呼吸特征尚不明确.通过绿肥紫云英与油菜间作,重点研究了秸秆覆盖条件下紫云英与油菜间作对冬季油菜根际土壤有机碳及土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,与秸秆覆盖相比,隔根方式成为影响油菜根际土壤有机碳含量的主要因素,绿肥间作使油菜根际土壤有机碳含量显著降低;秸秆覆盖可促进油菜田间土壤呼吸,而绿肥间作抑制了油菜田间土壤呼吸,土壤呼吸受油菜生育阶段影响较大,呈现出先下降后升高再下降的总体特征,且与土壤温度之间表现出回归式抛物线关系,根际呼吸在油菜生长后期成为土壤呼吸的主要成分.     

Adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions by aminated hypercrosslinked polymers

Two novel polymers （NJ-1 and N J-2） were synthesized by chemically modified a hypercrosslinked polymer NJ-0 with dimethylamine and trimethylamine, respectively. The comparison of the adsorption properties of the three polymers toward phenol, resorcin and phloroglucin was made. The study focused on the static equilibrium adsorption behaviors and the adsorption thermodynamics. Freundlich equation was found to fit the adsorption results well. The effect of amino groups introduced onto the surface of the resin and the structure of phenolic compounds on the adsorption were also studied. The hydrogen-bonding interaction and electrostatic interaction could happen between the amino groups and the adsorbates. The adsorption impetus increased as quantity of hydroxyl groups increased, but the adsorption capacity decreased due to the drop of the matching degree of the aperture of resins and the diameter of adsorbate molecules.     

Census Study of Real-Life Near-Side Crashes with Modern Side Airbag-Equipped Vehicles in the United States

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the crash characteristics, injury distribution, and injury mechanisms for Maximum Abbreviated Injury Score (MAIS) 2+ injured belted, near-side occupants in airbag-equipped modern vehicles. Furthermore, differences in injury distribution for senior occupants compared to non-senior occupants was investigated, as well as whether the near-side occupant injury risk to the head and thorax increases or decreases with a neighboring occupant.

Method: National Automotive Sampling System's Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) data from 2000 to 2012 were searched for all side impacts (GAD L&R, all principal direction of force) for belted occupants in modern vehicles (model year > 1999). Rollovers were excluded, and only front seat occupants over the age of 10 were included. Twelve thousand three hundred fifty-four MAIS 2+ injured occupants seated adjacent to the intruding structure (near-side) and protected by at least one deployed side airbag were studied. To evaluate the injury risk influenced by the neighboring occupant, odds ratio with an induced exposure approach was used.

Result: The most typical crash occurred either at an intersection or in a left turn where the striking vehicle impacted the target vehicle at a 60 to 70° angle, resulting in a moderate change of velocity (delta-V) and intrusion at the B-pillar. The head, thorax, and pelvis were the most frequent body regions with rib fracture the most frequent specific injury. A majority of the head injuries included brain injuries without skull fracture, and non-senior rather than senior occupants had a higher frequency of head injuries on the whole. In approximately 50% of the cases there was a neighboring occupant influencing injury outcome.

Conclusion: Compared to non-senior occupants, the senior occupants sustained a considerably higher rate of thoracic and pelvis injuries, which should be addressed by improved thorax side airbag protection. The influence on near-side occupant injury risk by the neighboring occupant should also be further evaluated. Furthermore, side airbag performance and injury assessments in intersection crashes, especially those involving senior occupants in lower severities, should be further investigated and side impact dummy biofidelity and injury criteria must be determined for these crash scenarios.     

新建宜万线渡口河大桥动力特性分析

新建的宜昌—万州线上的渡口河大桥为一座高墩大跨度连续刚构桥,为了研究其动力特性,分别按桩土连续梁模式、桩土空间刚架模式模拟桩土的共同作用,建立了相应的空间有限元模型。通过比较不同建模方法对动力分析的影响,深入分析了渡口河大桥的动力特性。研究了二期恒载、承台的质量、主墩的混凝土强度等级和边支座纵向弹性约束对结构动力特性的影响。计算结果表明,大跨度桥梁结构的动力分析必须建立详尽的分析模型,以反映结构的实际动力特性。