常见金属硫化物电化学反应环境效应及其影响因素分析

金属硫化物矿物作为重要的金属矿产资源之一,在自然界广泛分布并易氧化(电化学反应)引起重金属离子和酸性矿山废水污染的环境效应。本文以黄铁矿和黄铜矿为例全面分析了金属硫化物矿物环境效应产生机制,以及影响金属硫化物矿物电化学反应的各种因素,指出了当前研究存在的不足。这对金属硫化物矿区环境污染的源头控制与修复具有重要的指导意义。     

重庆三叠系碳酸盐岩热储热水水文地球化学特征

地下热水的水文地球化学特征研究有利于地下热水的开发,对重庆三叠系碳酸盐岩热储热水的研究可以更好地实现重庆地下热水的可持续开发。通过2009年1月和2009年7月对重庆市三叠系碳酸盐岩热储热水进行野外监测、取样和室内分析,发现重庆三叠系碳酸盐岩热储热水水化学性质相近,pH呈中性,水温30℃~50℃,电导率为1 320 μs/cm~3 250 μs/cm,水化学类型为SO₄-Ca(Mg)型,是典型的碳酸盐岩热储中-低温地下热水。温泉水的主要阳离子为Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺,阴离子为SO₄^2-和HCO₃^-,除青木关温泉外,SO₄^2-和Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺随时空变化较小,体现了碳酸盐岩中石膏与地下热水的水-岩作用对地下热水水文地球化学特征的控制。热水中的方解石和白云石都处于饱和与不饱和的临界状态,没有明显钙华沉积的现象;Na-K-Mg-Ca图解显示各个季节地下热水的物质来源基本一致,均没有达到水岩平衡状态。     

基于吸附质-分子探针的新型交联壳聚糖的吸附特性

研究了CCTS对低浓度游离酸的吸附特性,基于吸附质-分子探针电位法,考察了吸附剂活性中心数目、游离酸种类和温度对吸附行为的影响。结果表明,在30℃时,CCTS吸附游离酸的过程,遵循单分子层机理进行吸附。吸附剂―吸附质相互作用能U制约表观吸附速率常数K,K、U大小分别为2.519×10-2,4.084×10-2,9.398×10-2L/min和7.264,7.420,7.926 kJ/mol,两者存在线性相关性,呈逐渐增大趋势。K、U大小随着活性中心数目G的增加而增大。CCTS吸附游离酸为吸热过程,吸附表观活化能Ea为33.98 kJ/mol。3种类型游离酸K、U的大小顺序为:HClO4>HNO3>H2SO4,吸附分维数Dw分别为1.384、1.567、1.911,Dw值越大,导致表观吸附速率常数降低。     

蜈蚣草中芘与砷的赋存特征及其相互作用

超富集植物蜈蚣草能够累积土壤环境中的砷,为探明蜈蚣草植株中芘的赋存特征及其与砷的相互作用,采用双光子激光共聚焦扫描显微技术检测观察芘在该植物中赋存和分布规律.结果表明,添加芘导致蜈蚣草各部位砷含量显著降低,其中叶部和茎部砷含量下降幅度达35%左右,根部砷含量减少20.5%.芘的添加使得植物各部位三价砷比例下降,五价砷比例升高,蜈蚣草叶部三价砷和五价砷赋存浓度下降幅度最大,下降幅度分别为42.2%和32.49%.添加砷可促进蜈蚣草根部和茎部中芘的积累,每株分别增加了9.8μg和139 ng,但对叶部中芘的积累无显著影响.芘主要分布于蜈蚣草细胞膜与细胞内部的细胞器膜结构及细胞核核膜附近,但细胞质中芘的含量较少,茎部韧皮部与皮层以及叶部栅栏组织和海绵组织中几乎没有检测到芘.     

基于河岸带地球化学特征的河水-地下水交互边界识别——以广州市流溪河为例

河水-地下水交互作用对河流水质净化、流域水生态健康和河岸土地合理规划具有重要意义.本文以广州市流溪河为研究对象,实时监测河水和河岸带地下水基本理化指标并采集水样和土样进行水体主离子、氮形态、金属离子浓度、氘(δD)氧(δ~(18)O)同位素和土壤渗透系数(K)测试分析.结果表明:监测期间以河水侧向补给地下水为主,对地下水水位的影响范围在距河岸10 m内;距河岸1 m处地下水溶解氧(DO)浓度、电导率(EC)和氧化还原电位(ORP)变化明显,变异系数(n=7)分别为30.9%、42.0%和44.4%.河水和河岸带地下水水化学类型均为HCO_3-Ca型,受碳酸盐岩风化控制.河水入渗补给地下水初期,河岸带含水层向还原环境转化(ORP平均下降92.25 mV),非饱和带Mn氧化物发生还原性溶解,地下水中Mn~(2+)浓度逐渐增加并达最大值(0.52 mg·L~(-1));基于δD、δ~(18)O和Cl~-浓度的混合模型估算的河水对距河岸5 m处地下水的贡献率分别为10.4%、11.6%和11.5%,表明监测断面河水-地下水交互边界约在距河岸5 m处.     

EVALUATION OF AN INDUCED INFILTRATION MODEL AS APPLIED TO GLACIAL AQUIFER SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: Numerical models were used to examine the limitations of the assumptions used in an analytical induced infiltration model. The assumptions tested included negligible streambed effects, negligible areal recharge, two-dimensional ground water flow, fully penetrating rivers and wells, and constant surface water stage. For situations that deviate from the underlying assumptions, the analytical model becomes a less reliable predictor of induced infiltration. The numerical experiments show that streambed effects cannot be neglected if the streambed conductivity is more than one order of magnitude lower than the aquifer hydraulic conductivity. Areal recharge cannot be neglected if the ground water basin receives more than 5 in/yr of areal recharge. Three-dimensional flow effects due to well partial penetration cannot be neglected if the ratio of horizontal hydraulic conductivity to vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_h/K_u) is greater than 10. Surface water elevation fluctuations can significantly influence the induced infiltration rate, depending on the degree of fluctuations and the ground water hydraulic gradient.     

抗生素与三唑类杀菌剂混合物对羊角月牙藻的长期毒性相互作用研究

地表水中抗生素与农药的混合暴露及其潜在生态与健康风险受到广泛关注。然而,目前关于抗生素与农药混合毒性研究大多仅考虑急性毒性,缺乏其长期毒性相互作用的研究。以较为广泛使用的2种抗生素土霉素(OXY)、环丙沙星(CIP)和1种三唑类杀菌剂农药戊唑醇(TCZ)及其二元混合物为研究对象,以生态系统中初级生产者绿藻(羊角月牙藻)为受试生物,研究目标混合物在暴露时间为96、120、144和168 h的长期毒性相互作用。结果表明,单一物质及其混合物随暴露时间延长而毒性增大;同一暴露时间点的单一污染物毒性大小顺序为OXYTCZCIP;混合物毒性相互作用与浓度、混合物组分和暴露时间三者密切相关;混合体系的拮抗作用均出现在高浓度区域,而中、低浓度区域呈协同作用或加和作用; OXY-CIP与CIPTCZ混合体系的协同作用随着暴露时间延长而协同作用逐渐增大。研究结果对水环境中抗生素与农药复合污染生态风险评估具有重要的现实意义。     

微塑料对环境中有机污染物吸附解吸的研究进展

微塑料已成为新的全球性环境污染问题。作为强吸附剂,微塑料可以吸附共存的有机污染物,进而改变其环境行为和毒性;也可以通过解吸作用促进污染物在不同介质中的迁移。因而,微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用强度和机理是全面评估两者的环境风险和深度研究微塑料毒性机制的必要信息。目前微塑料研究处于快速发展的起始阶段,加之微塑料本身成分、粒径、表面风化情况的复杂性及共存有机污染物的多样性使两者的相互作用十分复杂,亟需理清微塑料吸附解吸作用的影响因素和相关机制。因而,本文详细综述了微塑料对有机污染物吸附解吸作用的研究进展,并着重从微塑料性质(成分、粒径和表面风化)、有机污染物性质和水环境介质性质方面探讨了吸附的影响因素和相互作用机制,希望为微塑料吸附有机污染物及吸附的后续影响研究提供借鉴与参考。     

On the parameterization of the roughness length for the air-sea interface in free convection

The roughness length at the air-sea interface during free convection (z_0fc) is mainly related to the convective velocity (w_*) rather than the friction velocity (u_*). The parameterization of z_0fc with w _* ² /g as proposed by Abdella and DAlessio in 2003 is evaluated. It is shown that their proposed formula is consistent with field measurements. In order to avoid self-correlation by using u_*, a new parameterization of w_* with wind speed (U_z) at height z and stability parameter (z/L, where L is the buoyancy length) is proposed. This new formula for w_* is in agreement with an independent field result.     

Toxicity and attraction effects produced byMorinda citrifolia fruits on theDrosophila melanogaster complex of species

Summary The ripe fruit of the Indian mulberry,Morinda citrifolia, is the host plant forDrosophila sechellia but is highly toxic for three closely related species (D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. mauritiana). A simple bioassay is described with which a clear dose response to the fruit was found for these species. Significant differences in reactivity to the ripe fruit were found among species. Tested strains ofD. simulans andD. mauritiana adults were more sensitive to the toxic properties of the fruit thanD. melanogaster. A marked intraspecific variability was shown inD. melanogaster. Reciprocal interspecific hybridizations betweenD. sechellia andD. mauritiana suggested an autosomal dominant control of resistance. MoreoverD. melanogaster intraspecific crossings suggested the influence of an additional X-linked factor. Responses of flies toMorinda fruit in different states were tested in a T olfactometer. The less resistant strains ofDrosophila generally showed less preference for the ripe fruit.