不同磷水平下植物体内镉的积累、化学形态及生理特性

在控制条件下,将玉米、小麦植株在含有不同浓度磷（ｃ（Ｐ）０,０．１２,０．６,３．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）和镉（ｃ（Ｃｄ）０,４．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的营养液中培养２１ｄ,研究植株体内各种镉的形态、生理特性和酶活性的变化,选择三种主要镉的形态,即氯化钠可提取态（镉与蛋白质或多肽结合态）,醋酸可提取态（镉与磷酸盐的结合态）和去离子水可提取态（水溶性、有机酸盐镉的形态）作为优势态镉加以分析和研究。结果表明,提高介     

土壤中有机污染物-重金属复合污染的交互作用

有机污染物-重金属复合污染是一种普遍存在的环境污染形式,对其进行研究具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。本文主要讨论了有机污染物和重金属在土壤中的吸附过程、化学作用过程以及生物学过程等的交互作用方式及其机理。     

矿物微尘对人体肠道大肠杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌的体外作用研究

研究了采集自居住环境的矿物微尘对人体肠道菌群主要代表性菌株大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和嗜酸乳杆菌 (Lactobacillus acidophilus)的体外作用.测定了矿物微尘对培养基pH值的影响,微尘与菌体共同作用后培养基pH值的变化,并用活菌计数法检测了矿物微尘对大肠杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌生长的影响.结果表明微尘对大肠杆菌的生长起抑制作用.培养基中矿物微尘质量分数达3%时即对大肠杆菌生长有显著抑制作用,微尘质量分数达20%时,大肠杆菌生长受到完全抑制.微尘质量分数在3%～20%这一较宽幅度内,大肠杆菌虽受抑制但能生长,说明大肠杆菌耐受矿物微尘影响的能力较强.矿物微尘对嗜酸乳杆菌生长影响复杂,培养基中矿物微尘质量分数低时起促进作用,质量分数较高时起抑制作用.微尘质量分数达5%时,嗜酸乳杆菌生长即受到完全抑制.嗜酸乳杆菌耐受矿物微尘影响的能力较弱,远小于大肠杆菌.结果还表明矿物微尘影响大肠杆菌与嗜酸乳杆菌生长的主要因素是微尘本身的化学成分与物理性质,微尘的碱性因素对大肠杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌有一定影响,但不是主要影响因素.     

上海城市土地利用形成、变化及其空间作用机制

基于多时段TM遥感影象资料,对上海地区近10年来城市土地利用变化类型、形成过程和相关空间机制进行了研究,结果表明：①农业用地是全区近10年来城市用地扩展的主要来源;②灌草丛与弃耕地作为一类独特的“中间过渡”土地利用类型,其数量、分布在一定程度上指示着新开发区形成、扩展的强度和方位;③具有较大面积、较少转变次数的土地利用变化类型,其空间格局强度最为显著,空间凝集度和亲和性也最强,构成区域城市化扩展的主体骨架。在此基础上,以具有较大规模的多个扩展核（常构成城市的CBD）为核心的“多核扩展”和以卫星城、交通干线周围为主的“点—轴扩展”模式,成为本区域城市化过程中城市形态组建和扩展的主要形式;④上海中心城区及其他主要城镇城市化过程中土地利用效率和集约化程度较高,以中、小城镇为主的城市化扩展过程则往往经历了较多的土地利用转变方式及其过程,城市化过程中土地集约化使用程度低,城市化土地利用扩展过程显得零散,规律性、可解释性较差。     

新建宜万线渡口河大桥动力特性分析

新建的宜昌—万州线上的渡口河大桥为一座高墩大跨度连续刚构桥,为了研究其动力特性,分别按桩土连续梁模式、桩土空间刚架模式模拟桩土的共同作用,建立了相应的空间有限元模型。通过比较不同建模方法对动力分析的影响,深入分析了渡口河大桥的动力特性。研究了二期恒载、承台的质量、主墩的混凝土强度等级和边支座纵向弹性约束对结构动力特性的影响。计算结果表明,大跨度桥梁结构的动力分析必须建立详尽的分析模型,以反映结构的实际动力特性。     

Assessment of the seismic effect of insulation on extra-large cryogenic liquid natural gas storage tanks

Insulation is typically used in extra-large double-walled cryogenic storage tanks that are used to store liquid natural gas (LNG). These vessels have been designed with the assumption that the insulation offers negligible structural resistance that might cause structural damage. Observation of the deformation of the insulation in such tanks leads to concern that the insulation may become sufficiently compacted to cause significant load transfer between the inner and outer tank. The inner tank, though protected from most external events by the outer tank, is only designed to contain the liquid gas. It is therefore much more sensitive to seismic effects. In this investigation, simplified and 3D finite element models are used to simulate the interaction effects of the fluid, inner tank, insulation and outer tank. This paper presents an initial analysis of the potential effects of LNG tank insulation under earthquake conditions and assesses the potential for structural damage by comparison of models that do or do not consider the insulation layer. The data reported and statistically sorted include the overturning moment, the base shear, the tank wall stress, and the wave height in the tank. The results show that the insulation layer has certain influence on seismic design of LNG tanks.     

The regulation of a spatially heterogeneous externality: Tradable groundwater permits to protect streams

Groundwater pumping can reduce the flow of surface water in nearby streams. In the United States, recent awareness of this externality has led to intra- and inter-state conflict and rapidly-changing water management policies and institutions. Although the marginal damage of groundwater use on stream flows depends crucially on the location of pumping relative to streams, current regulations are generally uniform over space. We use a population data set of irrigation wells in the Nebraska portion of the Republican River Basin to analyze whether adopting spatially differentiated groundwater pumping regulations leads to significant reductions in farmer abatement costs and costs from damage to streams. We find that regulators can generate most of the potential savings in total social costs without accounting for spatial heterogeneity. However, if regulators need to increase the protection of streams significantly from current levels, spatially differentiated policies will yield sizable cost savings.     

Plausibility of toxicological interaction between lead and methylmercury

Humans are exposed to both lead (Pb) and methylmercury (MeHg), two chemicals known to affect the developing nervous system. It is therefore important to know whether these chemicals interact toxicologically to develop reliable estimates of human health risks. The nature of the potential interaction and how it may change with dose are also critical factors which need to be understood and considered in risk assessment. The available toxicological literature was reviewed and yielded five animal studies which involved combined exposure to both metals. None of these studies examined developmental neurotoxicity, the key endpoint of interest. Doses in these studies were also in the range of 1–100?mg?kg^?1?day^?1, which is far above average exposure levels for Pb and MeHg in the U.S. population. The combined exposure literature is therefore uninformative concerning the potential for Pb–MeHg interaction. A subsequent evaluation of the available mechanistic data was conducted, looking for similarities in proposed modes of action relevant at low doses. Shared biological targets suggesting a potential for low dose interaction include protein kinase C, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. Whether interaction actually occurs, and the form the interaction might take, remains to be studied. A phased research program is proposed that may provide data needed to address this significant data gap and permit more robust Pb and MeHg risk assessment.     

砷-硒交互作用对水稻吸收转运砷和硒的影响

采用溶液培养法,研究了两种形态无机As与四价Se交互作用对水稻吸收转运As和Se的影响.结果表明,不同形态As与Se交互作用对水稻吸收转运As和Se影响较大,Se(Ⅳ)显著地提高水稻根系而降低水稻茎叶对As的吸收积累.与对照处理相比,在1.0μmol·L-1As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)处理下添加1.0μmol·L-1Se(Ⅳ)分别导致水稻根系As含量提高59.5%和21.3%,而水稻茎叶As浓度减少10.4%和21.9%.As(Ⅲ)或As(Ⅴ)处理显著降低水稻茎叶对Se的吸收积累,但As(Ⅴ)处理对水稻根系积累Se没有影响.在1.0μmol·L-1Se(Ⅳ)处理下,添加1.0μmol·L-1As(Ⅲ)和1.0μmol·L-1As(Ⅴ)导致水稻茎叶Se浓度分别比对照处理降低41.9%和30.3%.Se(Ⅳ)与As(Ⅲ)或As(Ⅴ)对水稻转运As、Se的能力具有交互拮抗作用.研究结果表明,在As污染农田中,可通过施用Se肥来提高植物的Se营养,降低植物对As的吸收积累,从而降低As对人体健康的危害.     

Pb、Zn及其交互作用对蜈蚣草抗氧化酶及叶绿素含量的影响

采用水培实验的方法,研究了Pb、Zn及其交互作用对蜈蚣草抗氧化酶及叶绿素含量的影响.实验结果显示,Pb浓度在0—50 mg·L-1时,蜈蚣草叶绿素含量随Zn浓度增加逐渐升高、MDA含量逐渐降低,Pb、Zn交互作用可促进植株叶绿素合成.Pb浓度在100—400 mg·L-1时,Pb、Zn交互作用则降低叶绿素含量;在Pb浓度400 mg·L-1时,Pb、Zn交互作用显著增加MDA含量.实验结果还显示,在Pb浓度固定时,蜈蚣草叶片SOD、CAT的活性随Zn浓度增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势;POD随着Zn处理浓度的增加持续增加.在Zn浓度一定时,蜈蚣草叶片SOD、CAT、POD的活性随Pb浓度增加先上升后下降.由此可见,在低Pb、Zn浓度下,Pb、Zn交互作用表现为协同作用;在高Pb、Zn浓度下,Pb、Zn交互作用表现为拮抗作用.