DAD IS OUT,POP IS IN1

ABSTRACT: Two major challenges face today's water professionals. The first is finding solutions to increasingly complicated water resources problems. The second challenge is nontechnical. It is effective interaction with the public recognizing both the public's increasingly elevated goals relative to water and the public's growing understanding of water science and technology. The traditional DAD approach, that is, decide-announce-defend, is no longer appropriate. The much more progressive, and inclusive POP approach, that is, public owns project, is more likely to be effective given the changing nature of the public's expectations and knowledge. A water resources planning or design effort that fails to include a public interaction program plans to fail. Described in this paper are three suggested objectives of the POP approach, namely demonstrating awareness, gathering supplemental data and information, and building a base of support. Having established specific objectives for a particular water resources project, appropriate public interaction programs and events must be selected, scheduled, and implemented. Many and varied programs and events are described in the paper.     

Scientific collectives in region-building processes

During the last 30 years, growing demand for science-based policy making has contributed to the mobilization of scientific cooperation alongside transnational political arrangements for addressing environmental issues. Following the contemporary trend toward regionalizing environmental policy and practice, many of these scientific joint efforts have focused on a regional scale. This article examines regional scientific cooperation in the context of the institutionalization of mountain regions in Europe. Such cooperation can be observed from the Pyrenees to Central Asia, albeit with a degree of variation that largely remains unexplored in scientific research. Sometimes scientific cooperation served to lay the groundwork of a mountain policy initiative, other times it appeared in its wake; some examples appear as loose networks of individual scientists, others are set up as formalized monitoring and observation centers; finally, some scientific joint efforts are formally linked to, or incorporated in a mountain policy initiative, while others are largely independent. The article proposes a new typology for understanding the interactions between regional scientific mobilization and regional policy making and provides up-to-date portraits of six main cases.     

水质条件对膜-羧基官能团之间微观作用力的影响特征

为了探讨pH值、离子强度及膜材料对膜-污染物间相互作用力的影响特征,利用自制的典型膜污染物羧基官能团胶体探针,结合原子力显微镜定量考察了羧基官能团与PVDF及EVOH超滤膜间的相互作用力随pH值及离子强度的变化特征.结果表明:带有羧基基体的污染物与PVDF及EVOH超滤膜之间的相互作用力皆随着pH值的增大而减小;但是上述作用力随着离子强度的增加呈现特殊的变化趋势:在离子强度为0~10mmol/L时,膜-带有羧基基体的污染物之间相互作用力随着离子强度的增加而增大;在离子强度为10~500mmol/L时,膜-羧基之间相互作用力随着离子强度的增大而减小.在特定的水质条件下,EVOH-羧基间的作用力远小于PVDF-羧基之间的作用力.     

Magnetophoretic separation of Chlorella sp.: Role of cationic polymer binder

Cationic polyelectrolyte promoted effective attachment of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) onto microalgal cells through electrostatic attraction. Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and chitosan (ChiL), both are cationic polymer, are feasible to act as binding agent to promote rapid magnetophoretic separation of Chlorella sp. through low gradient magnetic separation (LGMS) with field gradient ▿B less than 80 T/m in real time. Cell separation efficiency up to 98% for the case of PDDA and 99% for the case of ChiL can be achieved in 6 min when 3 × 10⁷ cells/mL Chlorella sp. are exposed to 300 mg/L surface functionalized-IONPs (SF-IONPs). Different polyelectrolytes do not give significant effect on cell separation efficiency as long as the particle attachment occurred. However, the PDDA is more preferable as the binder for all type of microalgae medium than the chitosan (ChiL) since it is not pH dependent. SF-IONPs coated with PDDA guarantee the cell separation performance for all pH range of cell medium, with 98.21 ± 0.40% at pH 8.84. On the other hand, the ChiL performance will be affected by the cell medium pH, with only 22.93 ± 31.03% biomass recovery at pH 9.25.     

江苏省大雾的变化特征及气溶胶对其影响

通过分析近50年江苏长序列大雾日数、持续时间、时空分布规律以及其成因,探讨气溶胶对大雾形成的可能机制.研究结果表明:大雾可能出现在任何时候,但在清晨和秋季出现的频率最多.它们的变化可从该区的季节环流背景特征和雾的形成机理得以解释.年代际大雾日变化大体呈现出抛物线(先升后降)分布特征,而大雾持续时间一直呈波动增长趋势,气象因素不能全部解释其变化特征.气溶胶对大雾形成和持续时间可能有重要影响,气象因素和气溶胶共同作用可解释江苏省年际大雾日变化和大雾持续的变化特征.     

CO2和O3浓度倍增及复合效应对大豆生长和产量的影响

利用OTC-1型农田开顶式气室,模拟研究了大气中CO₂、O₃浓度倍增及其复合效应对大豆生长、根瘤和产量形成的影响.结果表明,CO₂浓度倍增促进根系生长,固氮能力增强,植株高度和基部粗度增加,对发育期、绿叶数和绿叶面积影响不大.O₃浓度倍增抑制大豆根系和茎的生长,固氮能力下降,叶片伤害使绿叶数和绿叶面积显著下降, 衰老提前.在CO₂和O₃的复合试验中,CO₂浓度增加明显缓解O₃浓度增加对大豆伤害和抑制作用,CO₂、O₃浓度持续倍增处理下大豆生长和固氮能力与CK的数量差异明显小于单一O₃浓度倍增与CK 的数量差异,逐渐增加CO₂、O₃浓度的刺激作用和剂量效应使大豆生长后期伤害加重,绿叶数、绿叶面积显著下降,而根系固氮能力有所提高.     

石化压力管道冲蚀失效数值模拟及影响因素分析

以镇海REAC出口压力管道系统碳钢弯管为例,结合冲蚀失效机理,建立冲蚀失效流固耦合数理模型。利用数值模拟技术分析腐蚀产物保护膜与多相流动之间的交互作用,揭示弯管内壁剪切应力分布及保护膜主位移、应力、应变的分布规律,研究石化压力管道系统冲蚀失效过程;结合现场测厚数据验证有限元分析软件流固耦合数值模拟方法的可靠性;并进一步对比分析了流体流动特性、管件结构特性等特性参数对冲蚀的影响。为石化压力管道输送系统的冲蚀失效分析、结构优化设计、RBI和定期检验测厚定位、寿命预测、风险评估等安全保障研究提供理论依据和分析手段。     

基于因子交互作用矩阵的采空区危险度评价研究

基于因子交互作用影响矩阵及采空区危险度影响因子分析,选取12个采空区危险度主要影响因子,建立采空区危 险度多因子交互作用矩阵模型。通过专家打分法,确定各影响因子相互作用权值,得到影响矩阵对单一因子的影响值及 单一因子对矩阵系统的影响值,从而得出采空区危险度因子影响权重表。分析影响权重表,得到对采空区影响最大的因 子为矿柱尺寸及分布和岩体断裂及破损带。采用差值法,对采空区危险度进行等级划分,最后得到采空区危险度分级图 。经过实例验证,影响矩阵法分析评价结果与实际吻合,表明采用影响矩阵法评价采空区危险度是可行的,具有实际应用 意义,可在实际矿山工程中应用推广。     

基于协调联动的电力无脚本演练情景模型研究

为了实现无脚本演练,提高电力企业应急演练的成效。在分析电力企业内外部协调联动关系的基础上,借鉴霍尔三维结构模型原理,提出情景模型分为三个维度,即组织逻辑维、处置知识维、事件时间维,分析了各个维度的组成内容与逻辑关系,并根据无脚本演练的特点,将情景规则作为在情景模型的要素之一,进而构建了电力无脚本演练情景模型。将模型在实际应急演练中进行了应用,为合理设计电力无脚本演练情景提供了支持。     

紫茎泽兰入侵过程中生物群落的交互作用

生物入侵在全球范围内影响了生物群落的结构与功能,打破了群落内物种共存的生态格局,继而反馈性影响全球环境。该文就外来杂草紫茎泽兰入侵对生物群落之间交互作用的影响进行了分析。1）紫茎泽兰通过竞争排斥降低了土著植物群落的多样性,造成依赖于土著植物的节肢动物群落减少或丧失适宜的栖息环境。2）打破了土著植物与节肢动物之间相互依存的状态,并通过单优群落优势和强烈化感作用制约天敌昆虫的自然控制作用。3）通过改变地表生境和枯落物种类影响土壤动物群落。4）引起土壤微生物群落组成和功能的变化,改变土壤中可利用资源的形式和数量,影响并重塑了生物种间互作模式,并动态反馈于地面植物群落新格局的形成。分析指出：1）入侵过程中群落之间的交互作用通过多层次生态过程对群落结构与功能的生态改变发挥影响。2）入侵对生物群落的改变所产生的生态驱动反馈性作用于群落互作模式的重塑、群落和生态系统新格局的重建。同时,指出了生物入侵对群落影响的复杂性以及后续研究的方向。