More asymmetric tree competition brings about more evapotranspiration and less runoff from the forest ecosystems: A simulation study

The present paper reports how stand size-structure dynamics due to competition between different-sized trees affect long-term forested water balance in Japanese cool-temperate planted stands (evergreen coniferous Cryptomeria japonica and deciduous coniferous Larix kaempferi stands) using a fully coupled multi-layered meteorological surface physics—terrestrial ecosystems model. The simulation captured the well-known annual variation in leaf area index (LAI) accurately with stand age in monocultured and even-aged stands; the occurrence of maximum LAI during the early growth stage and then a gradual decline followed by a steady state after the maximum LAI. The simulations also detected a high dependency of annual evapotranspiration (AETr) on LAI with stand age that is well known by prior observational researches. In the C. japonica (shade-tolerant late-successional species) stand, the relationship between annual net primary productivity of an individual tree (NPP_ind) and individual tree mass (w) changed from linear to a convex curve during self-thinning, indicating that the degree of asymmetric tree competition intensified with forest stand development. The higher degree of competitive asymmetry characterized by the convex-shaped NPPind-w relationship produced greater size inequality, i.e., the formation of trees stratified by height. Under such conditions, AETr and annual transpiration (ATr) were mainly regulated by larger trees. On the other hand, the NPPind-w relationships in the L. kaempferi (shade-intolerant early-successional species) stand were linear throughout the simulated period, indicating the lower degree of competitive asymmetry. Under such conditions, the growth of intermediate-sized trees was enhanced and these trees became a dominant source of AETr (and also ATr) during self-thinning. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis of the effects of ecophysiological parameters such as foliage profile (i.e., vertical distribution of leaf area density) of an individual tree (distribution pattern is described by the parameter η), the maximum carboxylation velocity (V_cmax0) and biomass allocation pattern of individual plant growth (μ₁) on AETr, ATr and annual runoff (AR_off) showed that the temporal trends of AETr, ATr, AR_off and NPPind-w relationships were completely the same as those in the control simulations. However, the NPPind-w relationship during self-thinning indicated higher degrees of competitive asymmetry when η or V_cmax0 were greater than those in the control simulation and generated greater AETr and ATr and thus smaller AR_off. We found that more asymmetric tree competition brings about greater size inequality between different-sized trees and thus more evapotranspiration and less runoff in a forest stand. Overall, our simulation approach revealed that not only LAI dynamics but also plant competition, and thus size-structure dynamics, in a forest ecosystem are essential to long-term future projections of forested water balance.     

Allometric scaling of resource acquisition by ruminants in dynamic and heterogeneous environments

We present a mechanistic formulation of the intake response of ruminants to vegetation biomass based solely on physiological and morphological parameters that scale allometrically with the animal's body mass. The model is applied to describe herbivore-vegetation interactions in dynamic and heterogeneous landscapes with low quality but abundant “tall grass” and high quality but sparsely available “short grass”, under two conditions: “uncoupled” (such that the effect of food intake on vegetation biomass can be neglected), or “coupled” (such that the vegetation biomass is determined by herbivore feeding). The results show that under uncoupled conditions, the minimum acceptance (proportion of vegetation consumed by the herbivore) at which the herbivore can leave its current patch without reducing its intake rate is when it has depleted the current patch by the energetic cost required to travel to another patch. The maximum acceptance at which the herbivore should leave its patch is when it has depleted the current patch by the cumulative energetic cost of traveling, handling, cropping, and digesting. Under coupled conditions, the optimal acceptance equals half the relative growth rate of the vegetation. Analytical solutions are obtained for equilibrium values for utilization of the vegetation, and for the densities of vegetation and ruminants, expressed in physiological and morphological herbivore parameters.     

电化学方法研究小分子与核酸相互作用的进展(Recent Electrochemical Investigation on the Interaction of Small Molecules with Nucleic Acids)

研究小分子与核酸的相互作用,对了解分子对DNA体内复制和转录的影响、探索疾病的发病机理和寻找新型药物设计等具有重要意义.电化学方法是一种重要的研究小分子与核酸相互作用的方法,而这方面的综述较少.论文首先论述了小分子与核酸相互作用的结合方式,并对采用电化学方法考察无机金属离子、金属配合物、有机药物分子、有机环境污染物与DNA相互作用的研究进展进行了归纳和评述,其中对有机小分子与核酸的相互作用进行了较详细介绍.最后,对该领域研究趋势进行了讨论.     

虚拟现实技术及其在环境科学中的应用

本文简要介绍了虚拟现实的基本概念和基本特征,重点探讨虚拟现实技术在环境科学领域的应用前景,并结合实例,论述了虚拟现实技术在环境管理、水环境和水资源、大气环境和预报、环境科学研究和教育等方面的应用。     

水岩化学作用对斜坡水文地质及滑坡的影响

在温湿气候区，水岩化学作用对岩质斜坡的水文地质演化及失稳一夷平进程具有重要的控制作用。从地表到新鲜岩体，随着水岩化学作用程度的逐渐减弱，斜坡剖面可依次划分为土层、腐岩带和风化岩带，各带之间多是渐变过渡的。土层多由枯枝落叶层和土壤层组成，有时底部含有残坡积物；腐岩是由岩浆岩、沉积岩或变质岩经等容风化形成的风化软岩；风化岩带是腐岩带的前身，其特征是含有较高数量的核心石。斜坡垂向分带主要是地下水引起的，而这种分带反过来又会强烈影响地下水自身的埋藏与分布。土层可贮存上层滞水，风化岩带则可赋存潜水或承压水。上层滞水是浅层滑坡的主要控制因素。由于形成条件宽松，但规模不大，上层滞水控制的滑坡灾害多具群发性特点，同时，由于其含水介质为松散土体，失稳含水层很容易转化为泥石流。降雨期间，风化岩带内潜水水位上升甚至承压，导致岩体抗剪强度降低并诱发深层滑坡。     

GUIDELINES FOR INTERACTIVE COMPUTER SOFTWARE IN WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING1

ABSTRACT: A case study in the development of interactive computer software for water resources related engineering problems in presented. Guidelines for the preparation of a uniform set of interactive program requirements are discussed. Use of the developed guidelines will reduce computer usage expenditures by minimizing program learning time and data entry errors.     

微孔模拟物Stöber二氧化硅与有机质相互作用的实验研究

地球环境中普遍存在的纳米孔与有机质的相互作用对资源和环境领域许多重要科学问题(如有机质的吸附与保存、油气的赋存与采收以及二氧化碳的地质封存等)起着关键作用。然而,目前关于纳米孔特别是微孔(<2 nm)与有机质作用的系统研究还比较少。本文选择实验室合成的Stber二氧化硅作为模拟矿物微孔,采用热红联用技术(TG/DSC-FTIR)来研究其与系列有机溶剂(乙醇、正丙醇、正丁醇、正庚醇)作用后的热化学性质。结果表明,乙醇和正丙醇较易进入Stber二氧化硅微孔(孔径0.8 nm)。在NH_3催化作用下,醇与孔内外硅羟基发生烷氧基化作用,孔外烷氧基的脱除温度随着溶剂碳链增加而降低,放热效应逐渐增强;相反,孔内烷氧基的脱除温度随碳链增加而增加,放热效应逐渐减弱。在无NH_3存在条件下,由于烷氧基化作用减弱,乙醇与正丙醇能在孔内游离存在,孔内烷氧基的脱除温度随溶剂碳链增加呈下降趋势。Stber二氧化硅的微孔结构直接影响了醇类有机质在不同气氛下的热解行为,甲烷、乙烯、丙醛等分子的逸出也为纳米孔隙结构束缚下的有机质的深部热行为提供了参考。     

微米Fe3O4磁粉调理-压力电场污泥脱水工艺过程研究

研究了微米Fe_3O_4磁粉调理污泥的投加量的优化以及微米磁粉调理-压力电场污泥脱水工艺(MPEOD)的操作参数(电场作用时间、机械压力、电压)对脱水效果和能耗的影响,分析了磁化调理后污泥上清液、污泥絮体理化性质及接触能变化特征.结果表明,微米Fe_3O_4磁粉最佳调理投加量为0.15 g·g~(-1);结合能耗与脱水效果,电场作用时间、电压和机械压力分别确定为2 h、30~50 V和400~600 k Pa.当MPEOD工艺的机械压力、电场作用时间和电压分别为400 k Pa、2 h和50 V时,污泥含水率由初始的99.18%降低至44.46%,水分脱除率和污泥减量化分别可达99.34%和98.30%,相应的能耗仅为0.013 3k W·h·kg~(-1).微米磁粉调理污泥时,絮凝作用机制的影响很小,污泥脱水性能得到提高的主要原因是微米磁粉大大降低了污泥颗粒间的路易斯酸碱作用,致使污泥絮体聚集,絮体间孔径增大,利于脱水.较之经典的DLVO理论,扩展后的EDLVO理论能准确描述污泥颗粒的凝聚及分散行为.     

针铁矿与胡敏酸的交互作用及其复合物的稳定性

用碱溶-酸沉淀法制备了针铁矿-胡敏酸复合物.XRD分析表明,复合物的衍射峰都可归属于针铁矿,但其峰强度略弱于针铁矿单体.TEM图像显示,复合物中针铁矿表面包被了形貌不规则的胡敏酸颗粒.与针铁矿和胡敏酸两种单体的IR图谱比较,复合物中羧酸根(COO~-)反对称振动和铁羟基(≡Fe—OH)伸缩振动的频率分别降低了20 cm~(-1)和9 cm~(-1),缔合羟基(H—O····H—O)的振动频率升高了10 cm~(-1),羧酸C—O键的伸缩振动和游离羟基的吸收峰都基本消失.这表明针铁矿表面Fe原子与胡敏酸结构中羧基之间的单齿配位以及针铁矿表面≡Fe—OH与胡敏酸中游离羟基之间的氢键都是二者之间的主要交互作用机制.TG/DTG分析显示,针铁矿单体和复合物中≡Fe—OH的失重峰分别为258℃和276℃,表明胡敏酸的包被作用增强了针铁矿的热稳定性;与胡敏酸单体比较,复合物中脂肪族和芳香族有机质的失重峰温度分别降低了60℃和26℃,且复合物中脂肪族与芳香族有机质的失重量之比明显增大.可见,胡敏酸组分中热稳定性较差的脂肪族组分更容易与针铁矿胶结形成复合物.样品的悬浮液超声分散处理后,胡敏酸和针铁矿单体中大颗粒(2μm)的含量都明显减少;复合物中大颗粒的尺寸和含量的变化却较小.这表明超声分散处理不易破坏复合物中针铁矿与胡敏酸间的胶结作用.     

水热条件与土壤性质对农田土壤硝化作用的影响

水热条件、土壤性质和耕作管理影响了土壤的硝化作用从而影响农田氮素循环和平衡.本试验选择中国东部3个气候带上的主要农田土壤：中温带黑龙江海伦的黑土、暖温带河南封丘的潮土和中亚热带江西鹰潭的红壤,在上述3个地点的生态试验站建立土壤置换试验,对比研究不同水热条件和土壤类型对玉米单作系统中土壤硝化作用的交互影响.2006～2007年的试验结果表明,在玉米抽雄期,从海伦到鹰潭（月均温由22.3℃上升到26.8℃,月降水由100.8 mm增加到199.6 mm）,3种土壤的硝化作用强度均随着月均温和月降水的增加而下降,黑土、潮土和红壤分别下降了64.2％～67.2%、 52.1%～52.5%和41.7%～75.2%,土壤的硝化作用强度与气温（r＝－0.354,p<0.01）和降水（r＝－0.290,p<0.01）均呈极显著负相关.土壤类型也显著影响了土壤硝化细菌的数量和硝化强度,硝化细菌数和硝化强度的大小顺序为：潮土> 黑土> 红壤.土壤pH对土壤硝化强度有显著影响,其相关系数r=0.551（p<0.01）.总体上,在玉米抽雄期,区域水热状况及土壤类型、施肥均影响了土壤的硝化强度,水热×土壤类型、水热×施肥、土壤类型×施肥、水热×土壤类型×施肥等对硝化强度有着极显著的交互作用.