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711.
Summary. A diverse group of brown seaweeds produce bouquets of C11 metabolites, some of which act as pheromones that cue gamete release or attract sperm to eggs following release. We demonstrate
that these C11 metabolites and their degradation products also frequently and strongly deter feeding by the herbivorous amphipod Ampithoe longimana, but rarely by the herbivorous sea urchin Arbacia punctulata. Across the range of concentrations tested, seven of twelve C11 metabolites or mixtures that we tested deterred feeding by the amphipod, but only two of eleven deterred the sea urchin.
For those compounds where we could rigorously contrast the magnitude of deterrence against the amphipod with the magnitude
of deterrence against the urchin, the amphipod was deterred significantly more than the urchin by five of six metabolites.
Thus, C11 compounds were more frequently and more strongly deterrent to the amphipod than to the sea urchin. These findings for C11 metabolites conflict with previous investigations, where other classes of seaweed chemical defenses have been shown to deter
feeding by large mobile herbivores like urchins and fishes but to be relatively ineffective against mesograzers, especially
the species of amphipod that we used here. Our results suggest that C11 metabolites are unusual among the known seaweed chemical defenses in that they are especially effective against mesograzers,
which often consume seaweed spores, zygotes, and juveniles. The high concentrations of C11 metabolites in brown algal eggs could allow these defenses to be especially important in defending gametes, zygotes, or young
sporelings from herbivorous mesograzers.
Received 26 February 1998; accepted 9 April 1998. 相似文献
712.
K. Håkan Olsén J. Torbjörn Järvi Ian Mayer Erik Petersson Frederieke Kroon 《Chemoecology》1998,8(1):9-17
Summary. In the present experiment the behaviour and endocrine status of males of the brown trout, Salmo trutta L., (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) were studied when males were kept in a stream tank with a nest digging female. Groups of
mature adult males and precocious intact or anosmic male parr were placed with the nesting female so that the group resembled
a natural spawning situation with big anadromous fish acting as dominant males and precocious parr acting as “sneakers”. A
control experiment was also run with only males without a female present. In intact parr there were significant positive correlations
between the per cent of the total observation time spent with a female, milt volume, and plasma concentration of 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one.
Anosmic parr had significantly lower volumes of strippable milt and gonadal steroid hormone levels compared with intact parr.
However, no differences were found in the control experiment. Significantly fewer anosmic parr attended and courted the nesting
female and those anosmic fish that attended the female had significantly lower plasma levels of gonadal hormones. Intact parr
also displayed a greater number of agonistic acts against other parr without any difference in fighting ability. No differences
in aggression occured in the control experiment. In adult males together with a female, post-experimental gonadal steroid
hormone levels were higher than pre-experimental levels. Positive correlations between aggression and androgen hormone levels
were observed in adult males. No differences in plasma hormone levels were observed between adult males and intact precocious
males. The results show that olfactory occlusion results in low steroid hormone levels and milt volumes in precocious males
placed in a spawning situation. The courting behaviour was also affected by anosmia. Odours from the nesting female may have
caused the enhanced plasma hormone levels and stimulated the males to attend the female.
Received 15 May 1997; accepted 29 June 1997. 相似文献
713.
714.
715.
Jasmonic acid treatment and mammalian herbivory differentially affect chemical defenses and growth of wild mustard (Brassica kaber) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Summary. Jasmonic acid (JA) is a wound-related hormone found in most plants that, when applied exogenously, can induce increases in
levels of chemical defenses in patterns similar to those induced by mechanical damage or insect feeding. Relative to responses
to insect and pathogen attack, chemical responses of herbaceous plants to mammalian herbivore attack have been little studied.
In a field experiment, we compared the effects of JA treatment and naturally occurring mammalian herbivory on the expression
of trypsin inhibitors, glucosinolates, peroxidase activity and growth of wild mustard (Brassica kaber). Exogenous JA significantly increased trypsin inhibitor activity and glucosinolate concentration, and moderately increased
peroxidase activity in the eighth true leaves of five-week-old plants, relative to untreated controls. In contrast, levels
of these chemical defenses in the eighth true leaves or in regrowth foliage of plants that had ∼80% of their leaf area removed
by groundhogs (Marmota monax) did not differ from that in undamaged and untreated controls. Although exogenous JA significantly elevated levels of chemical
defenses, it did not affect height of plants through the season and only slightly reduced time to first flower. Groundhog
herbivory significantly reduced height and delayed or abolished flowering, but these effects were not substantial unless coupled
with apical meristem removal. We hypothesize that the lack of effect of groundhog herbivory on chemical defenses may be due
in part to the speed and pattern of leaf area removal by groundhogs, or physiological constraints caused by leaf area loss.
Despite having no effect on chemical defense production, leaf area loss by groundhogs was more costly to growth and fitness
than the effects of JA application in this study, but only substantially so if coupled with apical meristem removal. We suggest
that in general, costs of defense production in plants are likely to be minimal when compared to the risk of losing large
amounts of leaf area or primary meristematic tissue. Thus, if they are effective at deterring herbivory, the benefits of inducible
defense production likely outweigh the costs in most cases.
Received 20 December 2000; accepted 3 May 2001 相似文献
716.
通过把起相转移作用的聚乙二醇链固载在硅胶上(SiO2-PEG600),再将聚乙稀吡咯烷酮(PVP)络合双金属Pd-Cu(PVP-PdCl2-CuCl2)后负载其中,制成一种新型双负载双金属水相脱卤催化剂PVP-PdCl2-CuCl2/SiO2-PEG600。以甲酸钠为氢转移试制,在水相中催化有机卤化物脱卤,研究结果表明:反应温度为800℃,Pd∶Cu=2∶1(摩尔比),反应介质pH≈11.7左右时,该催化剂对芳香氯化物及α-氯代酮、酯具有良好的催化脱氯和重复使用性能。 相似文献
717.
718.
一个新的拓扑指数用于芳烃化合物溶解度、分配系数及生物毒性的研究 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
在分子拓扑理论的基础上,提出了一个新的拓扑指数Yx,并用Yx研究了芳烃化合物的溶解度、分配系数及生物毒(活)性,给出了相关方程。结果表明,新方法计算方便,物理意义明确,预测值与相应的实验值较吻合。 相似文献
719.
大气光化学烟雾反应机理比较(Ⅰ)O3和NOx的比较 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
在相同初始和排放条件下,对四种应用较广的光化学烟雾反应机理(CB4-99,RADM2,RACM,SAPRC99)进行了比较.研究发现对于O3,在低VOCs/NOx时,四种机理模拟结果相关较小,平均相对标准偏差为7%,在高VOCs/NOx时,平均相对标准偏差为26%,差距较大;对于NOx,多数情况下RACM和RADM2的模拟结果较高,CB4-99和SAPRC99的模拟值偏低,其原因主要来源于不同机理中O3的生成对NOx及VOCs的敏感性不同而造成的.在用模式模拟O3和NOx时,应特别注意机理不同而带来的模拟结果差异. 相似文献
720.
部分取代苯类在江水中的生物降解与结构相关性研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
测定了27种取代苯类化合物在松花江江水中的生物降解性.采用量子化学MOPAC6.0-AM1法计算了化合物的分子量(MW)、生成热(Hf)、分子总表面积(TSA)及最高占有轨道能(EHOMO),结合辛醇/水分配系数lgp及酸解离常数pKa对其中22种化合物的BOD值进行多元线性回归分析,得到如下模型:BOD=105.73-0.439MW-0.076Hf-6.660lgPn=22,R2=0.821,SE=8.250,F=27.56,P=0.000应用所得模型对其余5个化合物的生物降解性进行了预测.只有一个化合物的相对预测误差大于20%,为20.8%.平均预测误差为12.4%. 相似文献