Analysis of Conditions and Organization of Work of Notebook Computer Users

Abstract

Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate working conditions with a notebook computer (notebook) as a potential cause of musculoskeletal disorders. Material and methods. The study had 2 stages. The first one was a questionnaire survey among 300 notebook users. The next stage was an expert analysis of 53 randomly selected workstations. The questionnaire survey included questions about the participants, their working conditions, work organization and also duration of work with a notebook. Results and conclusions. The results of the research showed that most examined operators used a notebook as a basic working tool. The most important irregularities included an unadjustable working surface, unadjustable height of the seat pan and backrest, unadjustable height and distance between the armrests and no additional ergonomic devices (external keyboard, docking station, notebook stand or footstool).     

曝气条件对浸没式膜生物反应器内流场的影响

为深入研究流场动力学特性对浸没式膜生物反应器系统内膜面污染的控制,应用fluent软件对浸没式膜生物反应器内气液两相流动进行了三维数值模拟研究。采用标准k-ε湍流模型和欧拉多相流模型,考察了改变曝气条件对膜面气液速度场及气含率分布的影响。模拟结果表明,在相同曝气强度下,1 mm曝气孔径下膜面气液两相的速度增加较孔径2 mm、3 mm的快;曝气孔径为1 mm时,膜面的液相速度随着曝气强度的增加逐渐增大;曝气孔径为1 mm时,曝气量为5.5 m3/h所形成的漩涡区较大,膜面气含率值较高且分布较均匀,气液两相接触面积较大,膜面冲刷效果较好;模拟观察到反应器底部靠近壁面局部气含率较低,不利于活性污泥中微生物的生长,需要进一步优化曝气和反应器结构。     

Characterization of biological responses under different environmental conditions: A hierarchical modeling approach

A natural river system is organized as a nested hierarchy of interconnected habitats with specific environmental conditions to which the biological community has adapted. Due to this hierarchical structure, identifying the role of different stressors on the biological community is a formidable task. Efforts trying to link stressors to biological integrity have always been bound to the geographic scale of the selected study area, leading to scale-specific results. In this research, an attempt is made to lift this limitation and develop a hierarchical, scale-sensitive methodology that can identify the significant environmental stressors to the biological community at different scales. Sites with similar background environmental conditions are clustered using self-organizing maps (SOM). This is used to identify stressors which affect the biological community throughout the area of study - called environmental gradients or large-scale stressors. Subsequently, these clusters of similar observations (sampling sites) are progressively sub-divided using environmental variables with a significant but localized effect on the biological community - called small-scale stressors. A parent group of sites is split only when the resulting sub-groups have significantly different biological responses. At the end of this recursive sites decomposition procedure, the original set of observations is organized as a tree of environmentally homogeneous groups of observations characterized by unique biological responses to multiple stressors with different geographic extents. The developed hierarchical analysis methodology has been validated using a large-size dataset of environmental observations from the State of Ohio. Our results show that habitat degradation and increased nutrient loading are the large-scale stressors with a widespread impact in Ohio. Other stressors, such as heavy metals, pH or nitrate concentrations have significant albeit localized effects on biological integrity.     

珠海2019年秋季一次大气污染过程的特征、 成因及来源分析

2019年秋季在珠三角典型沿海城市珠海观测到一次中重度污染过程,本文对此次过程的污染特征、形成机制和来源进行了研究.通过 采集PM_2.5样品,分析了9种水溶性无机离子（WSIIs）、有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）和水溶性有机碳（WSOC）等化学组分的浓度水平和污染特征;进一步结合污染过程中的不利天气形势、72 h后向气流轨迹及PM_2.5的潜在源贡献因子（WPSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（WCWT）等方法分析了污染的形成机制和来源.结果表明,有机物（OM）是污染时期PM_2.5中增长最快的组分,其次是占WSIIs约82.46%的SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺（SNA）. NO₃^-/SO₄^2-均值为0.20,表明珠海以固定源污染为主;硫氧化率（SOR）均值为0.65,氮氧化率（NOR）均值为0.08,高温高湿的气象条件可能是 造成珠海比中国其他城市SOR偏高而NOR偏低的原因.在污染时段,二次有机碳（SOC）明显增加,WSOC/SOC随污染物的升高而降低并趋近于1,因此, 污染时期的WSOC可能主要是二次生成的.副高控制型、台风外围型和高压出海型等天气形势控制着整个珠三角地区时,不利于污染物的传输和扩散,使污染加剧.后向气流轨迹分析表明,污染时期的气团轨迹主要来自于高污染的内陆地区,这可能是造成此次污染形成的重要原因和来源.WPSCF和WCWT的高值区主要集中在江西、广东等内陆地区,因此,珠海在控制本地排放的同时,也应该关注上风向临近省市的污染排放.     

北京地区秋冬季大气污染特征及成因分析

为了研究近两年北京地区PM2. 5污染特征及成因变化,利用常规观测资料和改进的后向轨迹模型(Traj Stat)对2016～2017年秋冬季大气重污染时段的颗粒物浓度、气象要素和气团传输路径进行了综合分析.结果表明,研究期间北京地区共发生13次持续2 d以上的重污染事件,冬季过程约占61. 5%,且污染程度和持续时间均高于秋季.地面受弱气压场控制、高湿度、静小风以及较低的混合层高度,加之北京三面环山的特殊地势是导致秋冬季静稳型污染频发的重要因素,重污染期间PM2. 5/PM10的平均比值高达0. 86.累积阶段气团主要来自于西北、偏西、西南和东南方向,其中西南和东南路径为典型污染传输通道,轨迹频率为21. 6%.此外,采用WRF-CAMx模型定量估算了2016年12月16～22日典型过程中本地和外来污染源对北京PM2. 5的贡献,结果发现不同气团输送条件下,二者的贡献差异较大.当南部气团输入时,本地贡献会显著下降,以外部区域输送为主导;若气流来自西北方向情况则相反.污染过程期间,本地贡献为16. 5%～69. 3%.     

非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件成因分析

通过对燃煤量的调查结果和呼和浩特CO浓度值监测结果分析了CO排放源的分布特征和CO浓度的变化特征,得出高燃煤地区和采暖期CO浓度值较高但低于标准值。对CO中毒事件案例与气象条件关系进行了分析得出逆温、高湿、小风和低气压时不利于一氧化碳浓度扩散,容易引起一氧化碳中毒事件的发生。     

Seasonal Differences in the Levels of Gaseous Air Pollutants in the Vicinity of a Waste Dump

Hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, mercaptans and sulphur dioxide (H₂S, NH₃, NO₂, R-SH, SO₂) concentrations were measured at the location in the vicinity of the waste dump to determine the air pollution level of these pollutants prior to the operation of the Mobile Thermal Treatment Plant. Samples were collected over one year period. Seasonal differences, and the influence of meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, pressure and wind direction) on the air pollution levels were studied. Results show relatively low concentrations of H₂S, NO₂, R-SH and SO₂, while NH₃ levels were higher compared to the guideline values. Good weather conditions (high air pressure and low relative humidity) are connected to long range transport of NO₂, while higher temperatures result in elevated NH₃ and R-SH concentrations. Because of the predominant northeast wind direction (the same as the waste dump direction), the contribution of air pollution from the direction of the waste dump at the measuring site is significant, but that does not necessarily mean that the pollutants originated from that source.     

电力污闪事故的气象条件分析

对1980-2003年长治市发生的26次严重电力污闪事故进行了调研分析.找出了其中主要电力污闪事故发生的成因及其时空分布特征.对诱发污闪的主要气象条件(浓雾、小雪、雨夹雪、毛毛雨、小雨、冰融等恶劣天气)和气象要素(相对湿度、气温、风向、风速、结冰、积雪等)进行了综合分析,给出了污闪事故发生的各类气象条件综合性判别指标以及事故发生可能性的分级预测标准,并提出了预防电力污闪的一些安全措施.     

高海拔环境对固体导弹的影响

分析了高海拔的自然环境条件,首次系统研究了固体导弹各系统在高海拔环境下的影响,通过试验数据说明固体导弹在高海拔条件下的适应性能,提出了适应性使用的建议,对固体导弹高原环境使用有一定的指导意义。     

厦门市冬季PM2.5污染情境识别及其与气象条件的关系

为研究厦门市冬季不同PM_2.5污染情境与气象条件和气团轨迹路径特征的关系,结合PM_2.5观测数据,使用AGAGE（Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment）统计方法识别2014—2018年冬季厦门市PM_2.5观测值、基线值和污染值情境,通过气象数据统计和气团后向轨迹聚类对不同PM_2.5污染情境下气象条件和气团轨迹路径特征进行探究.结果表明:①厦门市冬季不同PM_2.5污染情境下,ρ（PM_2.5）及PM_2.5污染值情境时长占比均呈波动中下降的趋势,具体表现为冬季PM_2.5观测值、污染值和基线值情境下,ρ（PM_2.5）平均值分别从2014年的42.2、90.7、16.4 μg/m3降至2018年的26.3、56.9、8.8 μg/m3,冬季PM_2.5污染值情境时长占比从2014年的10.2%降至2018年的3.0%.②冬季PM_2.5污染值情境下气象要素呈低风速、低气压、高温度、高相对湿度的特征.③冬季到达厦门市的气团轨迹路径中,局地路径由于大气条件稳定易累积形成PM_2.5污染;偏北路径和西北路径易从临近省份携带污染物输入导致PM_2.5污染,属于重要的外源污染输入路径;沿海路径和偏西路径均属于清洁路径,但沿海路径易在福建省北部与偏北路径重合形成污染输入,加强了偏北路径的污染物输送能力.研究显示,近年来厦门市冬季PM_2.5污染有明显减弱趋势,但不利的气象条件和外来污染输入仍会造成PM_2.5污染的发生.