Leadership: a New Frontier in Conservation Science

Abstract:  Leadership is a critical tool for expanding the influence of conservation science, but recent advances in leadership concepts and practice remain underutilized by conservation scientists. Furthermore, an explicit conceptual foundation and definition of leadership in conservation science are not available in the literature. Here we drew on our diverse leadership experiences, our reading of leadership literature, and discussions with selected conservation science leaders to define conservation-science leadership, summarize an exploratory set of leadership principles that are applicable to conservation science, and recommend actions to expand leadership capacity among conservation scientists and practitioners. We define 2 types of conservation-science leadership: shaping conservation science through path-breaking research, and advancing the integration of conservation science into policy, management, and society at large. We focused on the second, integrative type of leadership because we believe it presents the greatest opportunity for improving conservation effectiveness. We identified 8 leadership principles derived mainly from the "adaptive leadership" literature: recognize the social dimension of the problem; cycle frequently through action and reflection; get and maintain attention; combine strengths of multiple leaders; extend your reach through networks of relationships; strategically time your effort; nurture productive conflict; and cultivate diversity. Conservation scientists and practitioners should strive to develop themselves as leaders, and the Society for Conservation Biology, conservation organizations, and academia should support this effort through professional development, mentoring, teaching, and research.     

Understanding the role and influence of social norms: lessons for NRM

Much has been written about social norms in disciplines such as law and economics but they are less studied in the field of Natural Resource Management (NRM). Although norms are acknowledged to be an influence on decision–making, they are difficult to identify and measure in the field and their role is often implicit or not well understood or articulated. This paper addresses an important knowledge gap by combining social norms theory with the specifics of a particular case study. We examined the influence of social norms on landholder behaviour in a small rural community undergoing demographic change in Australia. Findings from interviews with landholders and government agency personnel indicate that established norms within the farming community are influencing incoming landholders; and that new norms and practices have also emerged as a result of government investment through the local Landcare group. We suggest that a better understanding of social norms in different contexts will give rise to strategies that make NRM interventions more effective.     

投加硅藻土对MBR处理校园生活污水影响的研究

实验研究了投加硅藻土对膜生物反应器处理校园生活废水效果的影响。两组膜生物反应器的对比实验结果表明:投加硅藻土有利于MBR工艺中活性污泥的培养和出水的稳定。投加硅藻土使MBR的出水COD质量浓度稳定在25 mg/L以下,BOD5质量浓度小于5 mg/L,NH3-N质量浓度0.4 mg/L左右,TP质量浓度小于0.5 mg/L,SS未检出,出水水质更加稳定。     

两湖盆地冬季区域大气颗粒物污染特征及独特的风场和下垫面影响

为认识近年来长江流域中游两湖（湖南-湖北）盆地大气环境变化特征,本文利用两湖盆地2015~2019年冬季近地面PM_2.5和PM₁₀观测数据,结合风速、地形和植被指数等资料,探讨两湖盆地冬季大气颗粒物PM_2.5和PM₁₀的变化特征及其与风速、地形和下垫面的关联.结果表明：①两湖盆地2015~2019年冬季PM_2.5污染频发,其中两湖盆地西北部的襄阳和荆门的冬季平均分别多达62 d和61 d出现PM_2.5污染（PM_2.5>75 μg·m^-3）,襄阳重污染（PM_2.5>150 μg·m^-3）多达19 d,表明两湖盆地是长江流域中游地区一个区域性PM_2.5污染中心.②在空间上,两湖盆地污染呈现出西北重东南轻、城市群污染较重的特征,这主要与冬季风驱动的大气污染物的区域传输和两湖盆地城市地区的强排放有关.③近地面风速与PM_2.5和PM₁₀地面浓度变化呈现特殊的"U"型非线性关系,PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度拐点值分别为153 μg·m^-3和210 μg·m^-3,揭示了两湖盆地局地大气颗粒物累积主导了轻/中度污染,大气污染物区域传输决定了重度污染的独特区域特征.④两湖盆地冬季PM_2.5和PM₁₀地面浓度与地形高度和植被指数均呈显著负相关,反映了两湖盆地地形和城市化下垫面变化的大气环境效应.     

宝鸡高新区黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及其影响因素研究

为研究宝鸡高新区黑碳(BC)气溶胶浓度的变化特征及其影响因素,利用2017年3月1日至2018年2月28日的BC气溶胶浓度、PM_(2.5)质量浓度以及风速风向数据,对该地区BC气溶胶质量浓度特征变化及其影响因子进行分析。结果表明,宝鸡高新区BC和PM_(2.5)质量浓度范围分别为0.35~6.18μg/m~3和8.01~192.20μg/m~3,平均值分别为(1.67±1.22)μg/m~3和(46.96±33.18)μg/m~3。BC气溶胶的背景质量浓度为(0.81±0.76)μg/m~3。BC与PM_(2.5)的相关系数为0.673,呈正相关。观测期间10—12月BC质量浓度较其他月份相对较高,其季节变化由大到小依次为冬季秋季春季夏季,这可能与采暖季用煤及气象条件不同有关。BC气溶胶的日变化有峰谷值,峰值出现在07:00—09:00和20:00—22:00,谷值出现在14:00—16:00。BC和PM_(2.5)质量浓度均随污染等级加重而增加。宝鸡高新区BC污染在西北风向下较为严重,且此时风速较小,BC质量浓度与风速的相关系数分别为-0.438,呈负相关,静风和非静风条件下BC平均质量浓度分别为2.50μg/m~3和1.53μg/m~3,表明静风条件下,污染物容易累积,导致BC质量浓度升高。     

荒漠草原无林地PM2.5、PM10时间变化特征及与气象因素的关系

选取荒漠草原无林地的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度以及气象因子数据,对颗粒物浓度的时间变化特征及其与气象因子的关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)1月的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)月平均浓度最高,7月的PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)达到最低。季节尺度上PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度变化为由大到小顺序依次为冬季秋季春季夏季。(2)风速≤4.0 m/s时,随着风速增加,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度不断降低;当风速4.0 m/s时,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度随风速增加而增加。PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度与温度负相关。相对湿度≤50%时,随着相对湿度增加,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度呈增加趋势;相对湿度50%时,随着空气湿度增加,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度呈降低趋势。随着大气气压上升,PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)浓度随之增加。(3)不同季节的气象因子对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)影响存在差异。     

受污水体水生植物修复技术的应用及其发展

基于水生植物修复技术的基本特征,本文着重对其应用中的区域性、安全性、影响因素等问题及目前新型植物修复技术进行了分析探讨。     

生物滴滤器净化苯废气研究

采用不锈钢丝网作为生物滴滤器的载体材料,用经以苯为唯一碳源驯化而得的微生物菌种,进行苯废气的净化实验。结果表明:在实验的负荷范围内,生物滴滤器的消除能力随负荷的增加而增加,但净化效率总体上随负荷的升高而下降。在相同的进气苯浓度下,随着停留时间的增加,消除能力和净化效率迅速提高,停留时间为33.9 s时,净化效率达98%。在30~40 mg/L.h的负荷水平下的净化效率随循环液流量的变化而变化,实验中最佳的液体流量为0.8L/h。进口浓度对生物滴滤器的净化效率和所需的填料层高度有较大的影响。     

AN ANALYSIS OF REGION‐OF‐INFLUENCE METHODS FOR FLOOD REGIONALIZATION IN THE GULF‐ATLANTIC ROLLING PLAINS1

ABSTRACT: Region‐of‐influence (RoI) approaches for estimating stream flow characteristics at ungaged sites were applied and evaluated in a case study of the 50‐year peak discharge in the Gulf‐Atlantic Rolling Plains of the southeastern United States. Linear regression against basin characteristics was performed for each ungaged site considered based on data from a region of influence containing the n closest gages in predictor variable (PRoI) or geographic (GRoI) space. Augmentation of this count based cutoff by a distance based cutoff also was considered. Prediction errors were evaluated for an independent (split‐sampled) dataset. For the dataset and metrics considered here: (1) for either PRoI or GRoI, optimal results were found when the simpler count based cutoff, rather than the distance augmented cutoff, was used; (2) GRoI produced lower error than PRoI when applied indiscriminately over the entire study region; (3) PRoI performance improved considerably when Rol was restricted to predefined geographic subregions.     

处置气象灾害中与电视媒体合作机制的思考

在概括媒体报道“气象灾害”的基础上,指出了现存的问题,并对日本电视台的自然灾害预警信号发布机制进行了评述,从建立气象灾害预警信号发布及电视传播机制方面提出了对策和建议。