Offspring sex ratio in relation to parental structural size and body condition in the long-lived wandering albatross (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Diomedea exulans</Emphasis>)

Sex ratio theory is one of the most controversial topics in evolutionary ecology. Many deviations from an equal production of males and females are reported in the literature, but few patterns appear to hold across species or populations. There is clearly a need to identify fitness effects of sex ratio variation. We studied this aspect in a population of a long-lived seabird, the wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans), using molecular sex-identification techniques. We report that parental traits affect both (1) fledgling traits in a sex-dependent way and (2) chick sex: Sons are overproduced when likely to be large at fledging and, to a lesser extent, daughters are overproduced when likely to be in good body condition at fledging. Because for the same population, a previous study reported that post-fledging survival was positively affected by size in males and by body condition in females, our results suggest that wandering albatrosses manipulate offspring sex to increase post-fledging survival.     

珍稀植物濒危机制及保育策略中的营养条件

首先简要论述了珍稀植物濒危的原因、濒危机制的各种理论和研究方法，包括就地保护和迁地保护两个方面的保育策略的制定与实践。然后着重从营养条件的角度对这些理论和现状进行了分析。认为濒危物种在其历史演化过程中存在的脆弱环节以及活植物迁地保护的评价标准均与营养条件密切相关，营养条件可能是某些物种濒危机制中的一个重要组成部分；营养条件方面的研究可以为保护区设立的大小提出指导性意见；珍稀植物迁地保护过程中应密切关注营养条件的影响；营养条件在一定程度上决定了对某些物种保育策略的制定；将分子生物学与植物营养学的研究方法相结合，将能成为珍稀植物濒危机制及保育策略研究中的一种有效手段。     

给水气浮工艺浮渣絮凝调理的最佳条件

针对给水气浮浮渣,选用阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)以及聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(HCA)作絮凝剂,调理后进行离心脱水试验,研究絮凝调理的最佳条件。试验结果表明低pH值有利于4种絮凝剂对浮渣离心脱水性能的改善;对于4种絮凝剂,都存在着一个最佳絮凝条件,其中阴离子型和非离子型PAM的最佳絮凝条件较阳离子型PAM和HCA需要更高的混合和反应转速以及更长的混合和反应时间。     

硬硅钙石二次粒子对含铅废水处理效果的影响研究

对硬硅钙石间歇培养颗粒污泥处理含铅废水进行了实验研究,通过单因素分析说明Pb2 、二次粒子投加量及颗粒污泥量三者间相互作用的最佳运行参数,结果表明,营养液为100 mL的条件下,污泥量为120 mL、铅浓度为60 mg/L、硬硅钙石投加量为4 g的条件下可保持颗粒污泥的活性,铅的去除率较高,为连续运行的反应器(容积负荷为18 g COD/L·d)提供了工艺条件.     

Health-dependent vulnerability to predation affects escape responses of unguarded chinstrap penguin chicks

Predators may select more often to attack the more vulnerable prey or those with an inferior health status. Thus, prey should be able to assess their own vulnerability to predation and modify their antipredatory behavior accordingly. When approached by predator skuas, unguarded penguin chicks flee short distances, and usually aggregate in dense packs, but there is a clear interindividual variability in their responses under similar conditions. We hypothesized that this variability in escape responses might be related to the perceived vulnerability to predation of each individual chick. We simulated predator attacks to chinstrap penguin chicks and analyzed the sources of variation in their escape response, such as the presence of adults or the density of other chicks, and the sex, age, body condition, and health status of responding chicks. Chicks allowed shorter approach distances when they had a better health condition (i.e., a greater T-cell-mediated immunity, CMI), when they were younger, and when the density of adults around was higher. Sex and density of other chicks were not important. Similarly, chicks fled from the experimenter to longer distances when they had a lower CMI and when the density of adults was lower. Therefore, escape characteristics of chicks depended on the presence of adults that can deter predators and on the health-dependent vulnerability of chicks.     

产类胡萝卜素菌株的筛选及其培养条件初探

从土壤、植物落花、细菌污染的组织培养二三角瓶里的培养基上及被细菌污染的LB琼脂平板上分离筛选出十几株产类胡萝卜素的菌株，其中从污染的LB琼脂平板上分离的一株菌落颜色为黄色的菌株PBH，分类鉴定为库特氏菌属(Kurthia sp.)．菌株在以葡萄糖为碳源，添加番茄汁(3．6mL／L)、芝麻油(1．6mL／L)、Na2CO3(6g/L)和磷酸缓冲盐的液体培养基中28℃振荡培养5d，每mL培养液细胞生物量湿重达到65．57mg，类胡萝卜素产量达到9．896μg，菌体每g湿重细胞胡萝卜素含量为150．9μg．图10参13     

Body condition and the grouping behavior of brood-caring female common eiders (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Somateria mollissima</Emphasis>)

Both theoretical and empirical work has shown that group size increases with increasing ecological constraints on solitary breeding. Ecological constraints refer to extrinsic factors such as availability of breeding sites, food or mates. Common eider (Somateria mollissima) females pool their broods and share brood-rearing duties, or rear broods alone. Females are often in poor condition at hatching, as incubation is accomplished without feeding, and variation in body condition is largely environmentally induced and thus unpredictable. We found that the intensity of and duration of parental care that females provide is positively correlated with their body condition at hatching. This suggests that body condition is an ecological constraint on successful solitary breeding. We further observed that group productivity in common eider broods is a decelerating function of the number of tending females. As predicted, females in poorer condition (i.e., facing stronger ecological constraints) were found in larger groups. This result is straightforward if solitary tenders can enter any group at no cost. However, if entry is group-controlled, stable groups of non-relatives are predicted not to occur when per capita reproduction declines with group size. The N-person staying incentive model permits groups to form under these conditions, because reproduction is unevenly divided between dominants and subordinates in the group. We discuss the plausibility of these alternative models of group size for understanding the grouping behavior of brood-caring female common eiders.Communicated by M. Webster     

土壤条件与植物响应

植物对土壤状况的反应并不仅仅表现为根系具有吸收水分和营养元素的能力。植物根系能够感应到土壤的某些不利因素，对枝干发出信号，从而锻炼植株以抵抗退化或严酷的环境。这种信号能影响植株气孔导度、细胞伸长、细胞分裂及叶的出现速度等：对植物生长有重要影响的土壤物理条件包括土壤硬度、容器大小、孔隙大小和土壤干燥度等，在这些条件极端化的情况下，植物往往表现为生长变缓，根、叶等器官形态发牛改变。而在某些土壤化学条件不利的情况下，如土壤酸度增加、养分缺乏或发生铝毒时，植物则通过产生根际分泌物、降低生长速率及富集作用等来适应环境，维持生命。了解植物对不良环境的适应机制有利于筛选出具有一定抗性的优良基因类型。     

拟威克酵母产生表面活性剂的发酵条件

通过单因子试验和正交试验,对拟威克酵母WickerhamielladomercqiaeY2A产生槐糖脂的发酵培养基组成和发酵条件进行了优化.培养基组成为:8.0%葡萄糖、8.0%菜子油、0.3%酵母粉;发酵条件为:初始pH值6.0、接种量2.5%、发酵时间120h.在此条件下,槐糖脂产量可达到41.3gL-1.图4表5参16     

Thermobifida fusca产角质酶摇瓶发酵条件研究

研究了环境和营养条件等对嗜热放线菌Thermobifida fusca WSH03-11生长及产角质酶的影响;并考察了苹果角质对角质酶诱导效果,分析了该菌产角质酶的机理.摇瓶研究确定了角质酶发酵的最佳种子培养基组成为90 g L-1可溶性淀粉、5 g L-1牛肉膏、5 g L-1酵母膏、5 g L-1NaCl、2 g L-1K2HPO4和1%微量元素液,生物量最高达18.5 gL-1,种龄取35～40 h.最佳环境条件为pH 8.0、5%接种量、培养温度50℃.最佳发酵培养基组成为1.5%乙醇、5 gL-1蛋白胨、5 g L-1酵母膏、2 g L-1K2HPO4、5 g L-1NaCl和1%微量元素液.发酵培养基中添加角质对角质酶合成与分泌有诱导作用,T.fusca的产酶机制为诱导型.采用上述最佳培养条件产角质酶为3.8 U mL-1.图4表3参9