产生物表面活性剂的石油降解菌Acinetobacter BHSN的研究

从石油污染土壤中分离筛选获得1株产生物表面活性剂的石油降解菌株BHSN.经形态观察、生理生化试验、16S rDNA 序列分析等将其鉴定为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.).研究表明,BHSN菌株能降解石油中C13～C32正构烷烃.BHSN菌株生长和产生物表面活性剂的最适温度为25～30 ℃,最适pH为5.0～8.5.LB培养基中添加终质量浓度为10 g·L-1葡萄糖能促进菌体的生长,但不利于表面活性剂的合成;添加蔗糖、乳糖、麦芽糖和木糖对菌体的生长和表面活性剂的合成均有促进作用,其中麦芽糖的促进作用最强.初步研究表明,BHSN菌株产的生物表面活性剂为脂肽类;BHSN发酵液的表面张力由初始68.3 mN·m-1降低到28.6 mN·m-1.     

闽西北邵武市酸雨分布特征及其与气象条件的关系

利用1992-2005年邵武市的探空、降水量和酸雨资料,分析了邵武市不同气象条件对降水酸度、酸雨出现率的影响,结果表明:(1)闽西北是福建省酸雨污染较严重的地区之一,相对于夏、秋二季,冬、春二季的降水酸度更强、酸雨出现率更高。(2)降水的量级对降水酸度、酸雨出现率有明显影响。(3)逆温层对酸雨有较大的影响,逆温特征越明显,降水pH值越低,酸雨出现概率越大。(4)1500 m高空风速、风向在一定程度上影响邵武市降水酸度和酸雨出现机率。(5)邵武市上空850 hPa~700 hPa高度层在暖平流控制下不仅降水酸度强且出现酸雨的机会大。相反,如果850hPa~700 hPa高度层在冷单流控制下不仅降水酸度弱且出现酸雨的机会小。     

Sediment geochemistry and arsenic mobilization in shallow aquifers of the Datong basin,northern China

Understanding the mechanism of arsenic (As) mobilization from sediments to groundwater is important for water quality management in areas of endemic arsenic poisoning, such as the Datong basin in northern China. The bulk geochemistry analysis of sediment samples from three 50-m boreholes drilled specifically for this study at As-contaminated aquifers, the groundwaters of which have an As concentration up to 1060 μg/l, revealed that the average bulk concentrations of major and trace elements of the samples are similar to those of the average upper continental crust. The average As content of the sediment samples (18.7 mg/kg) is higher than that of modern unconsolidated sediments (5–10 mg/kg). Moreover, the abundance of elements varied with grain size, with higher concentrations in finer fractions of the sediments, such as silt and clay. The concentration of NH₂OH–HCl-extracted iron (Fe) strongly correlated with that of extracted As, suggesting that Fe oxyhydroxides may be the major sink of As in the aquifer. The results of microcosm experiments showed that As mobilization from sediments to groundwater is probably mainly related to changes in the redox conditions, with moderately reducing conditions being favorable for As release from sediments into groundwater.     

添加有机物料对淹水土壤Cd活性的影响机制

采用红壤(pH 4.46)和潮黄土(pH 7.10),在N2覆盖下淹水(25±0.5)℃培养60d,研究了淹水土壤加入有机物料(苜蓿、稻草粉)后Cd活性变化及其制约机理.结果表明,土壤淹水后,氧化铁的还原溶解作用带来Fe组分再分配和pe+pH下降,导致Cd组分向低活性组分转化.淹水土壤添加有机物料后,通过pe+pH下降效应和pH升降效应增强了对Cd活性转化的影响,其中,红壤有机物料处理较对照pe+pH降低和pH值升高,致使固相Exc-Cd含量和液相Cd浓度低于对照,土壤Cd活性降低;潮黄土有机物料处理pe+pH和pH值均低于对照,致使固相Exc-Cd含量和液相Cd浓度高于对照,土壤Cd活性增加.添加有机物料对固相Org-Cd再分配的影响小,但在液相中DOM与Cd的络合效应显著.     

The impact of chemical lateral boundary conditions on CMAQ predictions of tropospheric ozone over the continental United States

A sensitivity study is performed to examine the impact of lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) on the NOAA-EPA operational Air Quality Forecast Guidance over continental USA. We examined six LBCS: the fixed profile LBC, three global LBCs, and two ozonesonde LBCs for summer 2006. The simulated results from these six runs are compared to IONS ozonesonde and surface ozone measurements from August 1 to 5, 2006. The choice of LBCs can affect the ozone prediction throughout the domain, and mainly influence the predictions in upper altitude or near inflow boundaries, such as the US west coast and the northern border. Statistical results shows that the use of global model predictions for LBCs could improve the correlation coefficients of surface ozone prediction over the US west coast, but could also increase the ozone mean bias in most regions of the domain depending on global models. In this study, the use of the MOZART (Model for Ozone And Related chemical Tracers) prediction for CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality) LBC shows a better surface ozone prediction than that with fixed LBC, especially over the US west coast. The LBCs derived from ozonesonde measurements yielded better O₃ correlations in the upper troposphere.     

江苏省大雾的变化特征及气溶胶对其影响

通过分析近50年江苏长序列大雾日数、持续时间、时空分布规律以及其成因,探讨气溶胶对大雾形成的可能机制.研究结果表明:大雾可能出现在任何时候,但在清晨和秋季出现的频率最多.它们的变化可从该区的季节环流背景特征和雾的形成机理得以解释.年代际大雾日变化大体呈现出抛物线(先升后降)分布特征,而大雾持续时间一直呈波动增长趋势,气象因素不能全部解释其变化特征.气溶胶对大雾形成和持续时间可能有重要影响,气象因素和气溶胶共同作用可解释江苏省年际大雾日变化和大雾持续的变化特征.     

湖南省绥宁县黄桑坪自然保护区植物群落多样性分析

通过对湖南省绥宁县黄桑自然保护区的植物群落特征及物种多样性的分析,结果表明:1)可将黄桑自然保护区的滩地、撂荒地和山坡地划分为3种群落类型:鱼腥草-蕨群丛、早熟禾-井栏边草群丛和杉木+马尾松-三尖杉+水苏-莎草+地稔群丛;2)植物多样性指数的大小顺序为:Patrick丰富度指数(R)、Simpson指数(D)和ShannonWiener指数(H)的大小顺序为:山坡地(S,D,H)撂荒地(S,D,H)滩地(S,D,H),Pielou均匀度指数(E)的大小顺序为:潍地(E)撂荒地(E)山坡地(E);3)3种样地之间的物种Czekanowski相似性系数(CC)较低,在0.0001~0.356 8之间,样地内的物种相似性指数(CC)沿滩地→撂荒地→山坡地的顺序递减;(4)相关分析表明:S、D、H之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),E与S、D、H呈显著负相关(P0.05).生境条件差异是物种多样性差异形成的直接原因.表3,参16.     

北京大气颗粒物数浓度粒径分布特征及与气象条件的相关性

2011年11月~2012年8月,采用WPS宽范围粒径谱仪在北京地区连续监测10nm~10μm间不同粒径大气颗粒物数浓度,并同步记录气象参数.结果表明,颗粒物数浓度均值为25014个/cm3,多呈单峰或双峰模式分布,其中冬季均值为31007个/cm3,春季23152个/cm3,夏季20882个/cm3,冬季明显高于其他季节.爱根核模态及积聚模态均呈现冬季高、春夏低的态势;核模态春季显著高于其他季节.各气象因素中,风速影响最为显著,粒径大于20nm颗粒物数浓度与风速呈反比.核模态与爱根核模态粒子数浓度在交通早高峰、正午与晚间高于其他时段,积聚模态粒子数浓度变化则相对平缓,夜间显著升高.     

强突松软近距离煤层群石门揭煤防突技术研究

为了研究强突松软近距离煤层群石门揭煤防突技术,安全、顺利地揭煤,基于海孜矿Ⅱ32主运石门地质条件和瓦斯赋存状况,对近距离煤层群9+8煤层实施密集预抽钻孔抽采瓦斯与低压水力冲孔卸压增透相结合的措施,防治煤与瓦斯突出。结果表明:低压水力冲孔冲煤率达到4.5%;冲孔后瓦斯抽采流量为未冲孔的10倍以上;整体瓦斯抽采率达到71.7%,比以前提高了约1.6倍,卸压增透效果明显。预抽钻孔抽采后,9煤、8煤的残余瓦斯压力,分别为0.3MPa、0.22MPa,残余瓦斯含量分别为5.23m3/t、5.13m3/t,防突效果显著,可安全、顺利地揭开9+8煤层。     

A factor analysis study: Air pollution,meteorology, and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases

It is well known that air pollution exerts adverse effects on health and environment. Bal?kesir located in the Marmara region (Turkey) has serious air pollution problems produced by heating in the months of winter. In this study, the effect of exposure to air pollution on hospital admission for respiratory illnesses among children and adults was examined. Epidemiological data from records of hospitals, air pollutants and meteorological data were used. During July 2005–July 2007 period, there was a total of 280,426 hospital admissions for respiratory diseases. In a population-based analysis, 9 children were admitted for asthma, 17 children for acute bronchitis, and 20 children for lower respiratory diseases out of 100 children. There was a significant increase in the hospital admissions for respiratory diseases and air pollutants from October to March. It was concluded that children living in the city suffer from respiratory diseases such as asthma, pneumonia, and lower respiratory diseases. Three factors that account for approximately 90% of total variance of hospital admissions, air pollution, and meteorology were identified by means of principal component factor analysis.