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991.
煤层气采出水水质及其对土壤和植物影响研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
煤层气是优质的能源和化工原料。但在其开采过程中,排出的大量煤层气采出水对土壤和植物的影响以及其相应的评价与修复是一个非常重要的环境问题。文章从煤层气采出水中的元素种类及其形态变化、有机污染物含量变化等方面综述了不同区域煤层气采出水水质状况。在此基础上,分析了煤层气采出水灌溉土壤对土壤和植物的影响。主要包括土壤pH变化;一些元素及离子可能导致土壤发生盐化和钠质化作用及其影响因素;植物生物量和物种多样性的变化及优势种的改变等。针对不同区域煤层气采出水的相关水质状况以及其对土壤及植物的影响,提出了相应的控制修复措施。最后,提出了未来该领域需要加强研究的方面,以期为未来合理、安全地利用煤层气采出水提供相关参考。 相似文献
992.
基于理论分析,提出CODCH4/COD值作为废水厌氧可生化性的评价指标,确定了CODCH4/COD值表示厌氧可生化性的数值界限。同时,在BMP分析的基础上,采用CODCH4/COD值考察了垃圾渗滤液的厌氧可生化性,并与BOD5/COD值评价结果进行了对比。实验结果显示,CODCH4/COD值与BOD5/COD值用于垃圾渗滤液可生化性的评价,得出的结论具有相似性,但CODCH4/COD值大于BOD5/COD值。究其原因:好氧条件下,总的生化耗氧量(BOD)u小于理论完全需氧量(COD);厌氧条件下,有机物完全去除时CODCH4(理)等于理论完全需氧量。此外,BOD5测试时间仅5 d,而BMP测试时间一般在30 d以上,从而使微生物有足够的时间去适应废水水质,故能较好地反映废水的可生化性。 相似文献
993.
994.
盖瑞 《安全.健康和环境》2011,11(8):15-18
结合Q/SHS0001.1—2001、GB/T19001—2008、GB/T24001—2004、GB/T28001—2001系列标准的要求,以及企业一体化整合管理实践,探讨了运用“过程方法”和PDCA循环管理理念实施一体化整合的方法。 相似文献
995.
Anne B. Willems Cara A. AugustenborgSimone Hepp Gary LaniganTamara Hochstrasser Claudia Kammann Christoph Müller 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,144(1):347-351
Grassland re-seeding or land-use change requires ploughing, which may enhance carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from soil. This study observed the short to intermediate-term (37 days) effects of ploughing on CO2 emissions from poorly drained grassland using automated soil respiration chambers. Immediately after ploughing, a brief peak in CO2 emissions from soil occurred with a maximum observed flux of 6.91 g CO2 m−2 h−1. Contradictory to other reported results, ecosystem respiration after ploughing was lower on the ploughed than on the grass site. After including estimates of photosynthesis in the analysis, ploughing led to significantly higher net CO2 emissions than from grassland. The main mechanism of C loss during ploughing was most likely due to a reduction in gross primary production rather than enhanced soil respiration. 相似文献
996.
997.
When substance substitution is implemented to reduce the target risk of production processes, countervailing risks may occur. The goal of this study is to analyze the risk trade-off relationships between organic solvents and aqueous agents in the case study of metal cleaning processes. Global environmental impacts and local risks were evaluated for the eight scenarios by life cycle and risk assessments, respectively. The results show that the contribution of the processes using chlorinated solvents to photochemical ozone creation, human toxicity, ozone depletion, and ecotoxicity was larger than processes using aqueous detergents, while the contribution of aqueous processes to eutrophication was larger than chlorinated processes. Neighbors’ health risk around a cleaning site using chlorinated solvents was sufficiently small in all scenarios, whereas ecological risk due to surfactants which are contained in aqueous detergents and emitted to the local aquatic environment should be reduced. Cleansing agents and process facilities should be selected on the basis of the comprehensive analysis of risk trade-off relationships for feasible and cleaner production. 相似文献
998.
Process design can be influenced most in the early phases. Here, screening methods play a major role, as they reduce the complexity of a system studied by making a pre-selection from a set of alternatives available. The remaining alternatives can be analyzed in more detail in the subsequent design process, which increases design efficiency. The present paper focuses on a multi-stage screening approach for use in the early process development phase in particular. This approach is based on the use of non-compensatory decision support methods that are transferred to life cycle assessment. It may be divided into a first stage, in which the decision matrix used is developed on the basis of decision analysis principles, and a second stage, in which the decision matrix developed is further processed using non-compensatory decision support methods. An example of such a method is the pareto-dominance analysis applied here. The approach proposed is validated by application to the process of biomass gasification in supercritical water, which is being developed at the moment. Here, screening is performed to identify those life cycles, the potential environmental impacts of which contribute most to the total impacts. Attributes are selected in line with the requirement of a simple, but still sufficient modeling of these environmental impacts. By pareto-dominance analysis, emissions from the gasification of sewage sludge, the pre-chain of natural gas production, and from the construction of the supercritical gasification plant are identified to dominate over the remaining life cycles studied. Apart from the predominating alternatives, it is of particular importance to know the dominated alternatives. Due to their small shares in the result, no or only a small expenditure is needed to identify improvement potentials of these alternatives. 相似文献
999.
1961-2009年四川极端强降水变化趋势与周期性分析 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
利用四川1961-2009年141个站点逐日降水资料和1998-2007年灾情资料,采用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall检验、复Morlet小波、Gumbel分布、信息扩散等方法,分析了7个区域5个指数的变化趋势、突变特征和周期性特点,以及重现期降水极值和洪灾损失风险的区域差异,其主要结论是:川西南山地极端降水呈显著增多增强趋势,并在1980年代初发生了突变,盆地东北部和川西高原南部也有增多增强趋势,但不显著,盆地西北部、盆地南部和川西高原北部则有减少减弱趋势,盆地中部则表现出频数增多强度减弱的变化趋势;多数区域和多数指数都存在25 a左右的长周期和6~9 a的短周期,从25 a的长周期看,目前极端降水正处于增多增强的变化过程之中;用Gumbel分布拟合的日最大降水量,其极值区位于盆周山区和高原与盆地的过渡带,3个极值中心主要位于盆地西南部、西北部和东北部,50 a一遇的日雨量在230 mm以上;盆地大部50 a一遇的洪灾损失率在38%左右,盆地东北部可达45%,广元西南部可达60%。 相似文献
1000.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied to two smallholder milk production systems in Peru in order to evaluate the environmental burden of milk produced in each. An Andean highland milk production system where livestock feeding is restricted to permanent pastures supplemented with on farm grown ryegrass-clover was opposed to a coastal system with dairy cows fed a diet consisting of fodder maize and purchased concentrate. Milk production levels (kg/cow day) differed considerably with 2.57 for the highland and 19.54 for the coastal system. A Life Cycle Inventory was calculated for the functional unit of 1 kg energy corrected milk (ECM) and the environmental impacts global warming, acidification and eutrophication were estimated for 1 kg ECM, 1 ha and 1 animal, considering the multi-functionality of the system. The highland system was characterized by a high land use (23.1 m2a/kg ECM vs. 1.71 m2a/kg ECM at the coast). Irrigation water and energy were on the other hand used to a much higher amount at the coast (7291 l/kg ECM and 8791 MJ/kg ECM, respectively) than in the highlands (848 l/kg ECM and 0.20 MJ/kg ECM). Global warming potential, acidification and eutrophication were higher for 1 kg ECM produced in the highlands than at the coast by 10.6 kg CO2 equivalents, 6.58 g sulfur dioxide equivalents and 10.63 g phosphate equivalents, respectively. Nevertheless, 5220 kg CO2 equivalents more were emitted per animal at the coast than in the highlands. Also acidification and eutrophication were estimated to be on average 6 and 4 times higher at the coast compared to the highlands when expressed for the functional units of 1 ha and 1 animal.