氮肥对土壤氧化大气甲烷影响的机制

综合评述了氮素对土壤氧化甲烷的抑制机制。包括 :( 1)竞争甲烷单氧化酶的竞争抑制机制 ,( 2 )代谢产物的毒害抑制机制 ,( 3)外源盐引起的微生物生理缺水抑制机制和 ( 4)氮素周转作用引起的抑制机制。提出了氧化菌竞争利用土壤空气有限O2 的竞争抑制机制 ,即氨氧化菌利用更多的土壤有限氧气→产生优势氨氧化菌→形成优势菌群→限制甲烷氧化菌繁殖和功能发挥的氨长期抑制土壤氧化大气甲烷的机制 ,并认为这种抑制作用是不可逆的     

填埋垃圾和渗滤液中CH4氧化菌的丰度研究

应用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction,简称实时荧光定量PCR)技术对填埋场垃圾和渗滤液中CH₄氧化菌的pmoA基因进行定量分析. 结果表明:实时荧光定量PCR技术可用于渗滤液和垃圾中CH₄氧化菌的定量分析. 对于厌氧和准好氧填埋,初期渗滤液中CH₄氧化菌的数量均高于稳定期;准好氧填埋体渗滤液中CH₄氧化菌的数量均高于厌氧填埋体. 准好氧填埋垃圾中CH₄氧化菌的数量随着填埋龄的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,并在填埋后的9个月左右达到最大值,与准好氧填埋体CH₄产生的规律相似. 同时,准好氧填埋垃圾中CH₄氧化菌的数量随着距导气管距离的增加而降低,但不同填埋时期的变幅不同,与准好氧填埋体O₂和CH₄的迁移规律有关. 此外,对渗滤液和垃圾样品的研究表明,准好氧填埋体垃圾填埋层内部存在大量的CH₄氧化菌,具有显著的CH₄氧化能力.      

Do land utilization patterns affect methanotrophic communities in a Chinese upland red soil?

Soil samples were collected from three plots under different land utilization patterns including degradation,farming,and restoration.The abundances of methanotrophs were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)based on the pmoA and 16S rRNA genes,and the community fingerprint was analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE)aiming at pmoA gene.Significantly lower 16S rRNA and pmoA genes copies were found in the degradation treatment than in farming and restoration.Higher abundances of Type Ⅰ than those of Type Ⅱ methanotrophs were detected in all treatments.The treatment of farming was clearly separated from degradation and restoration according to the DGGE profile by cluster analysis.The lowest diversity indices were observed in the F(farming plot),suggesting that the community structure was strongly affected by farming activities.There were significantly positive correlations between the copy numbers of pmoA also Type Ⅱ-related 16S rRNA genes and soil available K content.Strong negative and positive correlations were found between Type Ⅰ and soil pH,and available P content,respectively.We concluded that the vegetation cover or not,soil characteristics including pH and nutrients of P and K as a result of anthropogenic disturbance may be key factors affecting methanotrophic communities in upland soil.     

水库与河流沉积物中好氧甲烷氧化菌群落差异性研究

甲烷在自然生态系统碳循环过程中起着重要作用,氮素形态的差异影响了甲烷氧化菌的氧化作用.选取北京市密云水库和北运河两类不同污染类型的水体作为研究区域,采用克隆文库分子生物学的方法,探究氮素形态及其来源的差异对MOB细菌群落特征的影响.结果表明：密云水库与北运河沉积物中氮素形态有显著差异,水库中氮素以NO₃^--N为主,河流中氮素以NH₄⁺-N为主;氮素形态的差异影响了MOB细菌的系统发育,密云水库沉积物中MOB细菌的高同源性菌群主要来自湖泊生态系统,与NO₃^--N有较强的响应关系,北运河沉积物中MOB细菌高同源性菌群主要来自污水处理厂废水和活性淤泥,与NH₄⁺-N有较强的响应关系,不同环境中氮素对MOB细菌的影响主要依赖于氮素的主要存在形态及其主要来源.北运河等重污染河流中MOB细菌群落的联系更紧密更趋于模块化,对环境变化的敏感程度更高,微生物更脆弱,更容易受到水质变化以及人类活动的干扰.北运河沉积物中NH₄⁺-N对MOB细菌氧化速率的抑制性强于密云水库沉积物中NO₃^--N对甲烷氧化的抑制作用.重污染的城市河流中高浓度的NH₄⁺-N通过抑制甲烷氧化速率和促进产甲烷产生速率的双重作用影响了河流沉积物中甲烷的产生.     

Biotic landfill cover treatments for mitigating methane emissions

Landfill methane (CH₄) emissions have been cited as one ofthe anthropogenic gas releases that can and should be controlledto reduce global climate change. This article reviews recent research that identifies ways to enhance microbial consumptionof the gas in the aerobic portion of a landfill cover. Use of these methods can augment CH₄ emission reductions achievedby gas collection or provide a sole means to consume CH₄ atsmall landfills that do not have active gas collection systems.Field studies indicate that high levels of CH₄ removal can be achieved by optimizing natural soil microbial processes. Further, during biotic conversion, not all of the CH₄ carbonis converted to carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas and released to theatmosphere; some of it will be sequestered in microbial biomass.Because biotic covers can employ residuals from other municipalprocesses, financial benefits can also accrue from avoided costsfor residuals disposal.