深黄伞形霉(Umbelopsis isabellina)华2-1产油发酵培养条件优化

为开发微生物油脂资源,从富含油脂的土样中分离获得一株产油脂微生物——深黄伞形霉(Umbelopsisisabellina)华2-1,油脂含量达48.60%.采用单因素和正交实验方法,对深黄伞形霉华2-1的发酵培养条件进行优化研究.优化的培养条件为:葡萄糖100 g/L,酵母粉3 g/L,接种量为20%,初始pH值为5.0～6.0,MgSO4.7H2O和KH2PO4的添加浓度分别为0.5 g/L和2 g/L,培养温度为31℃,最佳发酵培养时间为168 h.华2-1在优化发酵条件下可获得菌体生物量、油脂产量和油脂含量分别为45.86 g/L、24.47 g/L和59.53%,较优化前分别提高了21.48%、33.42%和22.49%.因此,深黄伞形霉华2-1作为微生物油脂生产的新资源具有广阔的应用前景.     

Sizing of safety valves for multi-purpose plants according to ISO 4126-10

Multi-purpose plants are frequently protected with mechanical safety devices like safety valves or bursting disks. Due to many changes of recipes it must be checked regularly whether the safety devices are sufficiently sized. But the sizing procedure of individual safety devices can be very tedious. Therefore energy specific relief areas (effective relief area per kW of energy input) have been determined for approx. 60 typical solvents. They are indicated for reactors with safety devices which have a set pressure of 7 bar (abs) or 11 bar (abs). These values are independent of the size of the reactors for vaporizing systems and arbitrary safety valves. The energy specific relief areas allow the minimum required relief area quickly to recalculate if the energy input of the reactor is known. In addition, the application of solvents in multi-purpose plants can be evaluated from a safety point of few.The energy specific relief areas are calculated based on a relief of two-phase gas/liquid mixtures. The data have been determined with the non-equilibrium HNE-DS method, which takes into account the boiling delay of the liquid in the safety device and the slip between gases and liquids. The method is recommended in the international standard ISO 4126 part 10. In addition, practical advice and possible improvements are outlined. The method leads to significantly smaller relief areas than according to the API 520. For multi-purpose plants with available safety devices this method allows for a considerable expansion of the application range of reactors.     

深床过滤颗粒截留机理研究

对深床过滤过程中颗粒物与滤料之间的相互作用进行了理论分析,讨论了两者间的相互作用及影响因素对微絮凝深床过滤进行了中试研究,考察了1～l0μm粒径颗粒在500cm滤床中的截留情况,并连续65h监测滤柱水头损失的变化;在滤速为24m/h情况下,计算了1～10μm粒径颗粒所受的水流剪切力;利用理论分析,分别讨论了表面电位为-25mV及-125mV、粒径为1～10μm的颗粒与滤料之间的物理化学作用力.理论计算值对实验结果进行了很好的解释,说明可以通过颗粒与滤料间的作用力分析来研究均质滤料深床过滤运行规律.     

Bioremediation of highly contaminated oilfield soil: Bioaugmentation for enhancing aromatic compounds removal

This study evaluated the effectiveness of different amendments--including a commercial NPK fertilizer, a humic substance （HS）, an organic industrial waste （NovoGro）, and a yeast-bacteria consortium--in the remediation of highly contaminated （up to 6% of total petroleum hydrocarbons） oilfield soils. The concentrations of hydrocarbon, soil toxicity, physicochemical properties of the soil, microbial population numbers, enzyme activities and microbial community structures were examined during the 90-d incubation. The results showed that the greatest degradation of total petroleum hydro- carbons （TPH） was observed with the biostimulation using mixture of NPK, HS and NovoGro, a treatment scheme that enhanced both dehydrogenase and lipase activities in soil. Introduction of exogenous hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria （in addition to biostimulation with NPK, HS and NovoGro） had negligible effect on the removal of TPH, which was likely due to the competition between exogenous and autochthonous microorganisms. None- theless, the addition of exogenous yeast-bacteria consor- tium significantly enhanced the removal of the aromatic fraction of the petroleum hydrocarbons, thus detoxifying the soil. The effect of bioaugmentation on the removal of more recalcitrant petroleum hydrocarbon fraction was likely due to the synergistic effect of bacteria and fungi.     

醌呼吸影响厌氧消化产CO2/CH4及转化有毒物质的研究

利用蒽醌-2,6,-双磺酸(AQDS)为模式物在厌氧消化过程中富集醌呼吸微生物,考察了富集产物厌氧消化同步醌呼吸的产气特性和对有毒物质的转化.结果发现,富集产物具有较强的腐殖质还原能力,CO2:CH4为1.7,高于未富集污泥;不同来源的腐殖质因其具有不同的分子结构和醌功能基团数量,对污泥的醌呼吸的促进作用有所差别,而可从还原性腐殖质接受电子的Fe(III)可显著加强醌呼吸速率;醌呼吸微生物在pH4.5~6条件下获得较高活性,说明此时醌呼吸对厌氧消化贡献较大;富集产物以乙酸为电子供体时可快速转化苯和三氯乙烯, 27h的转化率分为85.9%和82.2%,并可以苯为电子供体以三氯乙烯为电子受体同时降解苯和还原三氯乙烯,30h内的转化率分别为81.7%和68.8%.     

基于“2-4”模型的建筑施工高处坠落事故原因分类与统计分析

为了明确建筑施工高处坠落事故的原因分类及各类原因的发生频次概况,采用事故致因“2-4”模型分析了2000—2016年间的56起建筑施工高处坠落事故,并对各类原因进行了分类和统计分析。分析得出安全管理体系缺欠7类共62项,其中,无安全技术交底或技术交底不合格、安全组织机构不合格、无施工组织设计方案或方案不合格出现频次位于前三位;得出安全知识不足62项,安全意识不高58项,较管理者而言,一线操作者的安全知识不足和安全意识不高问题均占多数;得出不安全动作19类共296个,其中,安全培训缺失或不到位和劳动防护用品的缺乏和不正确使用2类不安全动作发生频率较高;得出不安全物态6类共54项,其中出现频率较高的是安全防护栏杆缺失或存在缺陷、脚手架或作业平台搭设不规范、安全网缺失或存在缺陷。     

Modeling scale up of anthropogenic impacts from individual pollinator behavior to pollination systems

Understanding how anthropogenic disturbances affect plant–pollinator systems has important implications for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Previous laboratory studies show that pesticides and pathogens, which have been implicated in the rapid global decline of pollinators over recent years, can impair behavioral processes needed for pollinators to adaptively exploit floral resources and effectively transfer pollen among plants. However, the potential for these sublethal stressor effects on pollinator–plant interactions at the individual level to scale up into changes to the dynamics of wild plant and pollinator populations at the system level remains unclear. We developed an empirically parameterized agent-based model of a bumblebee pollination system called SimBee to test for effects of stressor-induced decreases in the memory capacity and information processing speed of individual foragers on bee abundance (scenario 1), plant diversity (scenario 2), and bee–plant system stability (scenario 3) over 20 virtual seasons. Modeling of a simple pollination network of a bumblebee and four co-flowering bee-pollinated plant species indicated that bee decline and plant species extinction events could occur when only 25% of the forager population showed cognitive impairment. Higher percentages of impairment caused 50% bee loss in just five virtual seasons and system-wide extinction events in less than 20 virtual seasons under some conditions. Plant species extinctions occurred regardless of bee population size, indicating that stressor-induced changes to pollinator behavior alone could drive species loss from plant communities. These findings indicate that sublethal stressor effects on pollinator behavioral mechanisms, although seemingly insignificant at the level of individuals, have the cumulative potential in principle to degrade plant–pollinator species interactions at the system level. Our work highlights the importance of an agent-based modeling approach for the identification and mitigation of anthropogenic impacts on plant–pollinator systems.     

儿茶素、表儿茶素没食子酸酯对百菌清的光敏化降解

为研究百菌清的光化学降解,研究了两种外源物质（天然提取物儿茶素和表儿茶素没食子酸酯）在不同条件下对百菌清的光化学降解作用效应和降解途径.结果表明：百菌清（1.88 μmol）水溶液中分别加入10物质的量比的儿茶素和表儿茶素没食子酸酯,在太阳光、紫外灯、高压汞灯照射下百菌清的光降解半衰期分别为12.4、15.4 min,10.7、12.8 min和6.2、2.3 min,儿茶素和表儿茶素没食子酸酯作用下的百菌清降解速率分别提高10.8~37.6和10.0~18.6倍.在稻田水、池塘水和田沟水3种自然水中,百菌清在3种光源下的降解半衰期分别为22.4~86.6、21.7~99.0和14.8~86.6 min;当添加10当量儿茶素时,百菌清的光降解速率分别提高3.0~5.9、1.5~3.0和1.8~2.9倍;当添加10当量表儿茶素没食子酸酯时,百菌清的光降解速率分别提高1.4~4.8、1.6~5.0和2.0~4.3倍.百菌清在儿茶素、表儿茶素没食子酸酯作用下主要降解产物为5-氯-1,3-二氰苯,避免了高毒降解产物4-羟基百菌清的产生;作用机理表现为发生光还原脱氯反应.研究结果可为百菌清使用过程中产生的水体污染修复提供技术参考.     

PCB118对GT1-7细胞GnRH分泌及Kisspeptin/GPR54信号通路蛋白表达的影响

为研究多氯联苯118(polychlorinated biphenyl 118,PCB118)对GT1-7细胞的毒性作用,探讨其对促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)分泌的影响及相关机制,在PCB118作用GT1-7细胞后,分析了细胞存活率、GnRH分泌水平以及Kisspeptin/GPR54信号通路中关键蛋白的表达水平。结果表明,PCB118(0.05～50 000 nmol·L-1)分别作用GT1-7细胞6、12、24和48 h后,细胞存活率随PCB118浓度的增加和作用时间的延长而显著降低。但只有在高浓度(50 000nmol·L-1)条件下,PCB118才能显著促进GT1-7细胞释放乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)。PCB118作用GT1-7细胞6 h后,5、500和50 000 nmol·L-1组能显著抑制GnRH的分泌,并降低Kisspeptin/GPR54信号通路中GnRH、G蛋白偶联受体54(G-protein-coupled receptor 54,GPR54)、磷脂酶C(phospholipase C,PLC)和蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)等关键蛋白的表达水平;作用24 h,500和50 000 nmol·L-1PCB118能显著抑制GnRH的分泌,并降低GnRH、GPR54、PLC和PKC等关键蛋白的表达水平。研究表明:PCB118对GT1-7细胞具有细胞增殖毒性作用,呈现一定的剂量和时间效应; PCB118能在一定程度上抑制GT1-7细胞GnRH的合成与分泌,并下调Kisspeptin/GPR54信号通路中GnRH、GPR54、PLC和PKC等关键蛋白的表达水平,推测Kisspeptin/GPR54信号通路可能参与介导了PCB118对GT1-7细胞GnRH分泌的抑制作用。     

满足新标准采用电除尘新技术改造的应用与分析

提出了现有电除尘器可采用余热利用节能、高频电源、双区结构、隔离振打等新技术进行提效节能改造的思路,分析了这些新技术的技术特性,并进行了实际案例剖析,对满足《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》（GB13223-2011）烟尘排放的要求,形成现有电除尘器的新型改造模式具有重要参考价值。