Heavy haze pollution during the COVID-19 lockdown in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China

To investigate the characteristics of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) and its chemical compositions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region of China during the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown, the ground-based data of PM_2.5, trace gases, water-soluble inorganic ions, and organic and elemental carbon were analyzed in three typical cities (Beijing, Tianjin, and Baoding) in the BTH region of China from 5-15 February 2020. The PM_2.5 source apportionment was established by combining the weather research and forecasting model and comprehensive air quality model with extensions (WRF-CAMx). The results showed that the maximum daily PM_2.5 concentration reached the heavy pollution level (>150 μg/m³) in the above three cities. The sum concentration of SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ played a dominant position in PM_2.5 chemical compositions of Beijing, Tianjin, and Baoding; secondary transformation of gaseous pollutants contributed significantly to PM_2.5 generation, and the secondary transformation was enhanced as the increased PM_2.5 concentrations. The results of WRF-CAMx showed obviously inter-transport of PM_2.5 in the BTH region; the contribution of transportation source decreased significantly than previous reports in Beijing, Tianjin, and Baoding during the COVID-19 lockdown; but the contribution of industrial and residential emission sources increased significantly with the increase of PM_2.5 concentration, and industry emission sources contributed the most to PM_2.5 concentrations. Therefore, control policies should be devoted to reducing industrial emissions and regional joint control strategies to mitigate haze pollution.     

Significant contribution of secondary particulate matter to recurrent air pollution: Evidence from in situ observation in the most polluted city of Fen-Wei Plain of China

Particulate matter (PM) pollution in high emission regions will affect air quality, human health and climate change on both local and regional scales, and thus attract worldwide attention. In this study, a comprehensive study on PM_2.5 and its chemical composition were performed in Yuncheng (the most polluted city of Fen-Wei Plain of China) from November 28, 2020 to January 24, 2021. The average concentration of PM_2.5 was 87.8 ± 52.0 μg/m³, which were apparently lower than those observed during the same periods of past five years, attributable to the clean air action plan implemented in this region. NO₃⁻ and organic carbon (OC) were the dominant particulate components, which on average contributed 22.6% and 16.5% to PM_2.5, respectively. The fractions of NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, OC and trace metals increased while those of crustal materials and elemental carbon decreased with the degradation of PM_2.5 pollution. Six types of PM_2.5 sources were identified by the PMF model, including secondary inorganic aerosol (35.3%), coal combustion (28.7%), vehicular emission (20.7%), electroplating industry (8.6%), smelt industry (3.9%) and dust (2.8%). Locations of each identified source were pinpointed based on conditional probability function, potential source contribution function and concentration weighted trajectory, which showed that the geographical distribution of the sources of PM_2.5 roughly agreed with the areas of high emission. Overall, this study provides valuable information on atmospheric pollution and deems beneficial for policymakers to take informed action to sustainably improve air quality in highly polluted region.     

弹头构型对水下射弹表面气泡形态的影响

目的 研究弹头构型对水下射弹表面气泡的影响,提高射弹微气泡减阻的效果。方法 基于高速摄像系统,针对不同弹头构型的水下射弹展开水洞试验研究。对比分析不同速度和通气压力情况下,平台锥形弹头产生的微气泡形态变化规律,以及相同速度和通气压力下,不同弹头构型产生的微气泡形态变化规律。结果 相较椭圆尖弹头,平台锥形弹头更容易在微孔材料的前缘区域形成大气泡,对弹体具有更好的包裹效果。对于不同的弹头构型,在相同流速和通气压力下,弹头锥度为43.6°时的空泡包裹效果最好。结论 存在一个最佳的锥度使气膜的覆盖面积达到最大。     

铁屑微电解法处理农药废水的研究

铁屑微电解法能有效去除农药 (三唑磷、田安、杀虫双和单杀虫 )生产废水中的CODCr、色度、As、氨氮、有机磷和总磷。去除率分别可达 76 .2 %、80 %、6 9.2 %、5 5 .7%、82 .7%和 6 2 .8% ;与铁盐混凝法相比 ,微电解法能更有效地去除污染物 ,提高废水的可生化性     

旱地深层土壤厌氧氨氧化菌及全细菌群落结构对加水培养的响应变化

为研究旱地深层土壤中厌氧氨氧化菌及相伴随的全细菌的群落结构对水分增加的响应变化,选取西澳大陆Kalgoorlie地区60 m深的典型旱地土壤,采集淀积层和母质层土壤样品,加入纯水或3.5%的盐水进行密闭培养.针对厌氧氨氧化功能基因hzsB基因及细菌16S rRNA基因进行高通量测序.结果显示:初始土壤并未有厌氧氨氧化菌的检出,加水培养3个月之后,开始有厌氧氨氧化菌的检出,此时盐水培养中厌氧氨氧化菌群多样性要高于纯水培养的结果.且纯水培养中,厌氧氨氧化菌群落结构在淀积层和母质层中类似,均以Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'为主(92.09%和91.94%),另有一定量的Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(7.43%和7.89%).盐水培养中,淀积层主导种属为Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(50.03%)和Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(40.25%),母质层主导种属为Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(71.20%);继续培养一个月后,盐水培养和纯水培养中厌氧氨氧化菌群多样性均有增加,且盐水培养中厌氧氨氧化菌群多样性依旧要高于纯水培养的结果.此时纯水培养中,淀积层依旧以Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(87.88%)为主导,母质层中Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'增长明显,达到50.90%,取代Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(39. 92%)成为主导种属.盐水培养中,Candidatus‘Brocadia fulgida'(45. 19%)与Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(47.99%)共同主导淀积层厌氧氨氧化菌群,母质层中Candidatus ‘Brocadia fulgida'增至73. 14%,取代Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(13.65%)成为主导种属.另外,相伴随的母质层土壤全细菌群落结构在培养过程中相对比较稳定,以厌氧或兼性厌氧的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占绝对主导(81.84%～95.45%),其中大部分为海洋营生的盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae)和希瓦氏菌科(Shewanellaceae).同时厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)在培养过程中出现较明显增长.培养过程中,Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'与放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的相对丰度变化显著正相关(r=0.991,p=0.009),与海洋营生的希瓦氏菌科(Shewanellaceae)的相对丰度变化显著负相关(r=-0.971,p=0.029).综上,本文在一定程度上揭示了水分及盐度的变化对厌氧氨氧化的发生及菌群组成分布的重要影响,进一步拓展了对不同生境中厌氧氨氧化菌生理特性的认识.     

O3-生物沸石-GAC处理宁波姚江微污染水源水试验研究

根据宁波姚江水源水的特点，进行了臭氧（O3）、生物沸石、活性炭（GAC）的除污染组合工艺试验，结果表明，该工艺能去除CODMn、氨氮及亚硝酸盐的量分别为30％、60％及80％以上，从而为微污染源水处理提供了一种新的方法。     

微孔发泡聚氨酯底系列安全鞋的研制

聚氨酯是由异氰酸酯与多元醇反应制成的一种具有氨基甲酸酯链段重复结构单元的聚合物。聚氨酯鞋底与普通橡胶鞋底相比,它具有质量轻、耐磨性能好等特点。新研制的聚氨酯鞋底以聚氨酯树脂为主要原料,采用微孔发泡技术,解决了目前国内普通聚氨酯鞋底容易脱胶、断底等问题。通过增加各种添加剂,使聚氨酯鞋底在耐磨、耐油性、电绝缘、防静电和耐酸碱性能方面有了很大的提高。笔者研究采用了新的加工工艺、成型工艺和外观设计,鞋的各项安全性能更稳定,且穿着美观舒适、经久耐用,达到国内领先水平。     

论窖灌农业中水窖的配置模式与窖水高效利用技术

针对黄土高原蓬勃发展的窖灌农业 ,提出3种水窖配置模式 :峁顶光头式 ;路旁葡萄串式和场、院、凹地单点式。为了高效利用水窖集蓄的雨水资源 ,文中推荐自压微灌、外动力加压微灌、坑灌和水肥穴灌等4种窖水高效利用技术。     

高压排气放空噪声及消声设计

分析了石化企业中常见的排气放空噪声的原理及其影响因素,探讨了排气放空消声器的设计方法及技术要点.在一些厂中实施了本消声技术,均取得了优异的降噪效果.     

内电解-生化工艺处理染料废水研究

采用内电解-生化组合工艺对DCB生产废水进行处理，研究结果表明，当内电解柱进水pH值为4．0～4．5、停留时间为5h，厌氧-好氧池进水pH值为7～8，水力停留时间HRT为8h，能有效地降低水中的苯胺浓度，且处理后的出水COD达到国家Ⅱ级排放标准。