絮凝剂用壳聚糖的中试生产研究

在实验室制备絮凝剂用壳聚糖的基础上,按工业化生产的要求对壳聚糖进行了中试生产研究.经正交试验确定了生产过程中脱钙、脱蛋白、脱乙酰等3步反应的最佳工艺参数. 由此中试工艺生产的壳聚糖的生产成本比国内同类产品下降了22%,生产周期缩短了66%,且主要性能指标均达到或超过国内外同类产品的水平.     

Perceived changes in well-being and happiness with gardening in urban organic allotments in Portugal

Urban allotment gardens (AG) in Portugal have increased in recent years, as in many other European countries and worldwide. The contribution of these gardens to the happiness and well-being of urban populations has been recognized, but evaluations of their benefits are still very scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate this contribution, based on the urban organic AG of the Devesa Park in Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal. The sample included 65 gardeners who completed the self-administered questionnaires of Bem-Estar Pessoal (personal well-being scale), Felicidade Subjetiva (subjective happiness scale) and sociodemographic characteristics. Respondents were mainly adults under 65 years, married and academically well qualified and about half of them had a professional activity, with nearly one third being retired. They considered themselves happy with their life (Personal Well-being Index = 74.5%) and revealed an optimistic and positive attitude towards life, regardless of economic or social difficulties. The increased frequency of visits for gardening was positively related to a greater perception of subjective happiness. The gardeners who visited the AG more frequently considered themselves happier from a self-perspective and in comparison with peers. It can be suggested that urban organic AG represent a means for enhancing citizen well-being, contributing positively to their feelings of happiness and life satisfaction, changing behaviours and developing personal capacities. Beyond economic measures, urban AG can be recommended to capture the well-being of societies.     

Validation of the positive health behaviours scale: a nationwide survey of nurses in Poland

Purpose. The aim was to adjust the positive health behaviours scale (PHBS) to make it suitable for use by nurses, and to validate the new version of the tool. Methods. A previously formulated PHBS was modified. The scale comprises 29 statements describing certain positive health behaviours in four subscales: nutrition, physical activity, relaxation and behaviours related to mental health, and preventive behaviours. The scale was enriched with items on avoiding risky behaviours and a question regarding respondents’ own assessment of their care for health. Analyses were conducted of reliability, construct validity, criterion validity and dimensionality of subscales. The questionnaire was completed by 1017 nurses. Results. Cronbach's α reached 0.844 for the entire scale and 0.623–0.761 for specific subscales. Empirical data did not confirm theoretical assumptions regarding the existence of a four-element structure of the PHBS. The scale's diagnostic criteria were validated on the basis of positive results of correlation and trend analysis. Only one of the subscales proved homogeneous and could be considered unidimensional. Conclusions. The results confirmed the high internal consistency of the scale and its subscales. The factor structure of the PHBS was equivocal. The PHBS could be used in workplace-based health promotion programmes designed for nurses.     

大空间尺度上物种多样性的分布规律

物种多样性是生物多样性在物种水平上的表现形式.由于全球性保护行动的开展和多学科的相互渗透,把物种多样性研究推向大时空尺度方向发展,一些新的研究领域得到拓展.本文综述了物种多样性在大空间尺度上的经典研究(包括梯度变化格局、个体大小频次分布格局和物种-面积关系),同时着重探讨了经典研究的新认识及一些新领域内所揭示的新格局,主要有:生物类群间物种数的协同变化、物种和高级分类阶元的关系、局域物种多样性与区域物种多样性关系以及全球变化影响等等.参79     

Rethinking Community-Based Conservation

Abstract:  Community-based conservation (CBC) is based on the idea that if conservation and development could be simultaneously achieved, then the interests of both could be served. It has been controversial because community development objectives are not necessarily consistent with conservation objectives in a given case. I examined CBC from two angles. First, CBC can be seen in the context of paradigm shifts in ecology and applied ecology. I identified three conceptual shifts—toward a systems view, toward the inclusion of humans in the ecosystem, and toward participatory approaches to ecosystem management—that are interrelated and pertain to an understanding of ecosystems as complex adaptive systems in which humans are an integral part. Second, I investigated the feasibility of CBC, as informed by a number of emerging interdisciplinary fields that have been pursuing various aspects of coupled systems of humans and nature. These fields—common property, traditional ecological knowledge, environmental ethics, political ecology, and environmental history—provide insights for CBC. They may contribute to the development of an interdisciplinary conservation science with a more sophisticated understanding of social-ecological interactions. The lessons from these fields include the importance of cross-scale conservation, adaptive comanagement, the question of incentives and multiple stakeholders, the use of traditional ecological knowledge, and development of a cross-cultural conservation ethic.     

历史时期黄河下游河道演变规律与淮河灾害治理

历史时期黄河下游河道演变规律表明,河流从沿程淤积到河口延伸、再到溯源淤积的自适应过程,在1000a、100a、50a、10a等各种时间尺度上均可能发生,这对淮河水系改造的可行性论证、方案设计等有重要指导意义。     

城市小区气象条件与污染扩散精细预报研究

从城市小区气象条件与污染扩散精细预报的科研需求和城市大气环境应急响应的应用需求出发,利用新一代全球/区域同化预报系统、城市小区尺度气象和污染扩散模式以及城市尺度污染扩散模式,对城市小区气象条件与污染扩散进行了精细预报试验,并进一步研究了城市小区尺度气象和污染扩散的精细模拟对城市尺度污染扩散模拟的影响.初步建立了城市小区气象条件与污染扩散精细预报方法,即:气象部分由全球到小区逐级单向嵌套、污染部分由小区到城市逐级单向嵌套的方法.预报试验结果表明,这种方法是合理可行的.小区尺度精细模拟对城市尺度污染扩散模拟的影响较大,但其模拟效果还有待利用观测资料进一步验证.     

双氧水强化微电解法处理硝基苯废水的试验研究

以某化工厂的硝基苯生产废水为研究对象,在小试确定试验条件的基础上,采用双氧水强化微电解法对废水进行处理,探讨双氧水强化微电解法对废水处理的原理及处理工艺条件.实验结果表明：双氧水强化微电解法处理难降解有机废水,效果好,可以提高废水的生化性,为废水的后续处理提供了有利条件,是难生化有机废水处理的有效方法之一.     

冷却水缓蚀阻垢剂的绿色化研究进展

简要介绍了工业循环冷却水缓蚀阻垢剂的发展概况 ,阐述了低磷聚合物及新型无磷缓蚀阻垢剂的研究现状 ,并指出了今后的发展方向。