Risk assessment and prioritisation of contaminated sites on the catchment scale

Contaminated sites pose a significant threat to groundwater resources worldwide. Due to limited available resources a risk-based prioritisation of the remediation efforts is essential. Existing risk assessment tools are unsuitable for this purpose, because they consider each contaminated site separately and on a local scale, which makes it difficult to compare the impact from different sites. Hence a modelling tool for risk assessment of contaminated sites on the catchment scale has been developed. The CatchRisk screening tool evaluates the risk associated with each site in terms of its ability to contaminate abstracted groundwater in the catchment. The tool considers both the local scale and the catchment scale. At the local scale, a flexible, site specific leaching model that can be adjusted to the actual data availability is used to estimate the mass flux over time from identified sites. At the catchment scale, a transport model that utilises the source flux and a groundwater model covering the catchment is used to estimate the transient impact on the supply well. The CatchRisk model was tested on a groundwater catchment for a waterworks north of Copenhagen, Denmark. Even though data scarcity limited the application of the model, the sites that most likely caused the observed contamination at the waterworks were identified. The method was found to be valuable as a basis for prioritising point sources according to their impact on groundwater quality. The tool can also be used as a framework for testing hypotheses on the origin of contamination in the catchment and for identification of unknown contaminant sources.     

企业安全文化评估与企业安全行为的质化研究

通过总结国内外各种不同的安全文化概念,归纳分析了国内外较为流行的近10种安全文化建立模式。在研讨文献的基础上,通过深入访谈、焦点小组与参与观察,归纳构造了一套共11个维度,总题项为152题的安全文化评估量表。通过对选定企业的实证问卷调查,进行统计分析,采用多元逐步回归分析等方法对安全文化各评核因素及整体安全文化进行预测,并以百分数呈现其整体的安全文化现状水平。通过基于扎根理论的各种质化研究方法,对案例企业的安全文化建设和企业安全行为进行研究,得到了7点关于企业安全行为的研究发现,并提出了相应的改进建议。     

电厂循环冷却水处理方案试验

实验研究了阻垢剂HEDP、EDTMPS、PBTCA、DTPMPA、ATMP、PAPEMP在电厂循环水中的应用.通过实验筛选出具有良好处理功效的复合配方:ATMP6mg/L、DTPMPA 4 mg/L、PBTCA 3 mg/L,相应的阻垢率达到92.42%.该复合配方在阻垢性能方面存在协同效应,使得复配处理剂具有良好的阻垢效果.     

自催化法合成聚天冬氨酸

以马来酸酐和乙酸铵为原料,在微波条件下用自催化法合成了聚天冬氨酸（PASP）。通过正交实验确定了最佳合成条件：n（乙酸铵）：n（马来酸酐）=1．2,微波功率为1200W,反应时间为10min。在最佳合成条件下,PASP的收率为91．6％,PASP的黏均相对分子质量约为1．5×10^4。经红外光谱表征和核磁共振氢谱测试结果表明,PASP的各种主要官能团表现明显。当Ca^2＋质量浓度为250mg／L、PASP加入量为3mg／L时,PASP的阻垢率达到95％,表明PASP具有较好的阻垢性能。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中氯苯类化合物

采用顶空固相微萃取（HS －SPME）技术萃取水中6种氯苯类化合物,全面分析对目标物萃取效率的影响因素,并确定萃取试验的最佳条件。用顶空固相微萃取联合气相色谱法（HS －SPME －GC）测定水中6种氯苯类化合物,方法在0.500 ng／L～2.00×10^5 ng／L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.05 ng／L ～2000 ng／L,空白样品加标回收率为69.8％～121％, RSD为4.8％～18.3％。用该方法测定实际水样,平行双样的相对偏差低于20％。     

The Need for Scale Sensitive Approaches in Spatially Explicit Land Use Change Modeling

This paper introduces some of the issues that are relevant to the spatially explicit modeling of land use systems. A short overview is given of the ways and means in which a number of different land use change models describe the land use system. Specific attention is given to the empirical modeling approach used in the CLUE (Conversion of Land Use and its Effects) modeling framework. This approach is demonstrated for three case studies in China, Ecuador and the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica. These case-studies illustrate the methodology for multi-scale analysis of land use driving factors and their application in spatially explicit modeling exercises. Model functioning, performance and limitations are discussed. The presented case-studies indicate that empirical modeling results can contribute to a better theoretic imbedding of land use change research in scale sensitive and integrated theories.     

氨基化有机-无机杂化整体柱分离富集环境水中五价砷

将四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)和N-(β-氨乙基)-γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(AEAPTES)作为共聚前体,采用在毛细管内原位聚合的方式制备得到氨基功能化的有机-无机杂化整体柱,将其作为针式固相微萃取(SPME)介质,建立了现场分离富集环境水中As(V)的SPME方法,优化了有机-无机杂化整体柱富集As(V)的实验条件,并研究了整体柱对As(V)的吸附/洗脱性能和富集能力,实现了环境水样中As(V)的高效、快速、高选择性检测。     

外力作用下管道内表面缺陷处裂纹扩展研究

为提高油气管道安全风险评估的准确性,以含内表面缺陷管道为研究对象,利用ABAQUS软件线弹性及弹塑性分析不同尺寸缺陷对裂纹萌生特征的影响;采用扩展有限元法,建立管道3点弯曲模型与全尺寸静载物理试验,并非线性拟合裂纹扩展尺寸,研究内表面缺陷处裂纹扩展情况.研究结果表明:内表面缺陷中心处极易萌生裂纹,随着缺陷尺寸的增大,裂...     

pH值、硫酸根和温度对钢管管垢中铬释放的影响

以市政供水管网钢管管垢为研究对象,将垢层由外向内分为表层、硬壳层和疏松多孔层.利用SEM、BET、XRD、XPS和分形态提取等技术对预吸附Cr(Ⅵ)前后的各层管垢进行表征和分析,并探究了pH值、SO₄^2-浓度和温度对各层管垢中Cr释放的影响.结果显示,钢管各层管垢的主要成分均为α-FeOOH,吸附性能排序为表层>疏松多孔层>硬壳层,管垢中铁元素大多以三价和二价形式存在,具有一定还原性.Cr(Ⅵ)通过物理和化学吸附富集于管垢,主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,表层管垢富集量最大.酸性环境、SO₄^2-浓度和温度的升高均会促进Cr的释放.强酸性条件下表层Cr释放浓度为中性条件下的2.76倍;SO₄^2-浓度增加使各层管垢的Cr释放量增加0.1～0.4倍;温度升高20℃,表层管垢的Cr释放量增加26.74%.     

SIMULATION OF HERBICIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN STORMFLOW FROM FORESTED WATERSHEDS1

The breakpoint rainfall hydrology and pesticide options of the field scale model CREAMS (Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems) were used to predict average concentrations of hexazinone [3 cyclohexyl-6-(dimethyl-amino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] in stormflow from four forested watersheds in the upper Piedmont region of Georgia. Predicted concentrations were compared with measured concentrations recorded over a 13-month period. CREAMS accurately predicted hexazinone concetrations in the initial stormflow events which also contained the highest concentrations. The model underestimated the hexazinone concentrations in stormflow two months and greater following pesticide application. In a companion study, the daily rainfall option of the CREAMS model was used to evaluate the reltive risk associated with the maximum expected concentration of hexazinone, bromacil (5-bromo-3 sec-butyl-6 methyuracil), picloram (4-amino-3,5,6 trichloropicolinic acid), dicamba (3,6-dichloro-0-anisic acid), and triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid} in stormflow from small forested watersheds. The model predicted the following order of potential residue appearance in stormflow: bromacil>triclopyr>hexazinone>picloram>dicamba. Subsurface movement of residues via interflow and deep leaching losses are not simulated by the version of CREAMS used in these studies.