磷肥种类对李氏禾富集铜、铬的影响及其生理响应

植物修复是现下环境和生态领域研究的热门话题。环境中的铜、铬等重金属复合污染问题越发严重,在水环境修复和治理的方法中,植物修复技术的优越性越发显著。该文旨在加深磷对李氏禾累积重金属铜和铬复合污染的认识。施磷是一种重要的农艺措施,其在提高植物修复复合污染水体效率方面的效果不容忽视。该实验研究李氏禾(Leersia Hexandra Swartz)分别在磷酸氢二铵(DAP)、磷酸二氢铵(MAP)、磷酸氢钙(DCP)、过磷酸钙(SSP)4种磷肥的不同质量浓度(无磷0 mg·L^?1、低磷11.38 mg·L^?1、中磷22.76 mg·L^?1和高磷45.52 mg·L^?1),Cu(II)、铬(VI)质量浓度均为10 mg·L^?1的复合污染水体下的重金属累积影响和生理响应。结果表明:在中磷浓度下,施加SSP后李氏禾对铜、铬的富集能力最大,为0P处理组的1.8—3.4倍,均高于其他处理组且存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。在高磷浓度处理下,施加(NH4)2HPO4处理组李氏禾生物量为9.260 g·10 plants?1,株高为59.07 cm,叶绿素含量为4.889 mg·g^?1,可溶性蛋白含量为10.77 g·L?1,均高于其他处理组且达到显著性差异(P<0.05)。在中磷浓度处理下,SSP处理组李氏禾叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量为1.251μmol·g?1,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的含量分别为4.765、3.077、10.16 U·mg^?1(以prot.计),均高于其他处理组且达到显著性差异(P<0.05)。适量施加磷肥可以有效地提高李氏禾的生物量,以及各组织对铜、铬的累积作用,这一结果提高了我们对磷在植物修复技术中的作用的认识。     

聚合氯化铝中纳米Al13形态的分离纯化及形态表征

采用超滤法和层析法分离纯化聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al₁₃形态,并采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法、²⁷Al-NMR、TEM和粒度测定仪对分离纯化所得的Al₁₃形态进行了分析和表征.研究结果表明,超滤法分离纯化的效果受超滤膜的孔径及PAC浓度的影响,选择合适孔径的膜和PAC溶液浓度即可以获得高纯度的Al₁₃,在层析法中则随着洗脱时间延长按分子的大小依次洗脱下来,因此截取中间组分即可得到Al₁₃;Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法和²⁷Al-NMR的分析结果表明,采用上述2种方法分离提纯得到的样品中Al₁₃的含量分别可达到90%以上和100%.TEM和粒度测定结果表明,在B=2.5的PAC溶液中,Al₁₃极少以Al₁₂AlO₄(OH)₂₄(H₂O)⁷⁺₁₂的单体形态存在,而是呈两维结构的线性和枝状的聚集体,Al₁₂AlO₄(OH)₂₄(H₂O)⁷⁺₁₂的聚集体尺寸通常在几十至几百nm.     

LIMITATIONS OF CONCEPTS USED TO DETERMINE INSTREAM FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR HABITAT MAINTENANCE1

ABSTRACT: Today most rivers are not freely flowing but are highly regulated to meet both human and wildlife needs. Several models allow the determination of instream flows that are needed to meet wildlife demands. However, these models are based on assumptions that limit their applicability to certain types of rivers. While these limitations do not preclude the use of the models on other types of rivers, like the Platte River in Nebraska, their limitations should be considered and accommodated by those making instream flow planning and management decisions. Other factors affecting channel morphology and its associated wildlife habitat, such as threshold values and vegetation are not adequately considered by current concepts. If rivers are to be managed to provide wildlife habitat, these factors will have to be addressed.     

MORPHOLOGY OF BEDROCK STEP POOL SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: One-hundred-and-sixty step pools were examined that have developed in andesitic, basaltic, or dacitic lavas or in glaciofluvial sediments along several reaches of Soda Creek in the Three Sisters Wilderness of the Oregon High Cascades to determine whether such systems exhibit similar morphology. Pool shapes, sizes, and spacing were measured, and the hydraulic head loss calculated for each pool surface. Lithologic variations among 15 shape categories were not significant, but size attributes - length, depth, and area - of pools were systematically different by rock type. The energy lost at hydraulic jumps did not differ significantly among the four lithologies, suggesting that perhaps step pools represent similar stream channel adjustments in steep terrain.     

Modeling Stream Channel Characteristics From Drainage‐Enforced DEMs in Puget Sound,Washington, USA1

Abstract: Mapping stream channels and their geomorphic attributes is an important step in many watershed research and management projects. Often insufficient field data exist to map hydromorphologic attributes across entire drainage basins, necessitating the application of hydrologic modeling tools to digital elevation models (DEMs) via a geographic information system (GIS). In this article, we demonstrate methods for deriving synthetic stream networks via GIS across large and diverse basins using drainage‐enforced DEMs, along with techniques for estimating channel widths and gradient on the reach scale. The two‐step drainage enforcement method we used produced synthetic stream networks that displayed a high degree of positional accuracy relative to the input streams. The accuracies of our estimated channel parameters were assessed with field data, and predictions of bankfull width, wetted width and gradient were strongly correlated with measured values (r² = 0.92, r² = 0.95, r² = 0.88, respectively). Classification accuracies of binned channel attributes were also high. Our methodology allows for the relatively rapid mapping of stream channels and associated morphological attributes across large geographic areas. Although initially developed to provide salmon recovery planners with important salmon habitat information, we suggest these methodologies are relevant to a variety of research and management questions.     

鲨鱼表皮的微观形貌观察及其防污能力评价

用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)对鲨鱼表皮的形貌结构进行了观察,用X射线能谱(EDX)测定了鲨鱼鳞片各部位的元素组成.通过实验室内贻贝成体和硅藻的附着试验,评价了非活体状态下鲨鱼表皮的防附着作用.结果表明,非活体状态下鲨鱼表皮对贻贝成体的防污能力较弱,对微观生物硅藻的附着具有明显的抑制作用.     

锈层对船体钢耐腐蚀性能影响研究

选择5种不同类型的船体钢,在3%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中浸泡1 a,用金相显微镜观察内、外锈层形貌特征和腐蚀形貌,分析锈层下钢的腐蚀特征;记录自腐蚀电位(OCP)的变化,评价锈层对腐蚀倾向性的影响;利用电子探针(EMPA)分析锈层的形貌和内锈层元素分布;通过计算质量损失得到钢的平均腐蚀速率。结果表明,外锈层对钢腐蚀的影响较小;内锈层的缺陷与钢腐蚀形貌中的腐蚀坑对应;当钢中的Ni和Cr元素含量较高时,由于Cr元素在其内锈层和基体交界面富集,其平均腐蚀速率最小。     

腐蚀坑对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响分析

利用显微镜测量了经过预腐蚀的6051铝合金材料的腐蚀坑三维形貌,分析了腐蚀坑截面形状,腐蚀坑近似为半椭球形。基于AFGROW软件分析疲劳裂纹扩展寿命,腐蚀坑深度与宽度对疲劳裂纹扩展寿命影响较大,随着腐蚀坑深宽比增加,疲劳裂纹扩展寿命趋于稳定,腐蚀坑的深度相对于宽度对裂纹扩展寿命影响更大。     

贵阳市PM_(2.5)微观特征的季节变化分析

大气颗粒物的污染特性与其理化性质有密切关系.本文利用高分辨率场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和图像分析技术(IA)对贵阳市PM2.5进行研究,分析其微观形貌、数量贡献、体积贡献和粒度分布特征.结果表明:贵阳市PM2.5中颗粒物类型以烟尘及其集合体为主,其次是不规则矿物颗粒、规则矿物颗粒、燃煤飞灰和未知颗粒;4个季节PM2.5样品中烟尘及其集合体占多数,较多分布在0.1~0.2μm的粒径范围内,冬季数量比达到88.24%,体积比为60.45%;研究区PM2.5样品中含有较多的规则矿物颗粒,春季数量比、体积比分别为13.49%、33.58%,春、夏、秋季数量集中分布在0.5~0.6μm粒径范围,冬季主要分布在1.0~2.5μm粒径范围.     

Concept for cost effective improvement of river morphology in the context of the European Water Framework Directive

The EU Water Framework Directive calls for cost effective measures to achieve a “good status” in all European ground, surface and coastal waters. Besides eutrophication, the degradation of hydromorphology is the main reason for failing this objective. In this paper, we conceptualise the interactive decision support process BASINFORM-M for finding proper locations for river restoration. The concept combines the recently proposed “stepping stone approach” from aquatic ecology with elements from cost effectiveness analysis, multi-criteria analysis and participatory approaches. BASINFORM-M exemplifies a shift away from the isolated restoration of single river reaches towards a consideration of functional relationships within river networks.